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. 2022 Mar 30;60(1):729–742. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2046111

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

β-HIVS regulates macrophage polarization in primary murine BMDMs via AMPK/Nrf2 pathway. (A,B) Primary murine BMDMs were incubated with β-HIVS at the indicated doses for 24 h. Then, MTT assay (A) and Trypan blue staining (B) were employed to assess the survival and death rates of BMDMs, respectively. *p < 0.05 compared with the control group. (C) The BMDMs were treated with 0.5 μM β-HIVS for different time periods, and the levels of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and nuclear Nrf2 were measured by Western blot analysis. *p < 0.05 compared with the ‘0 h’ group. (D,E) The BMDMs were pre-treated with 0.5 μM β-HIVS alone or combined with CC (10 μM, 30 min earlier) for 1 h, followed by 100 ng/mL LPS for an additional 3 h (D) or 24 h (E). After treatment, Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the levels of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and nuclear Nrf2 (D). $p < 0.05, #p < 0.05, △p < 0.05, and *p < 0.05 vs. the control, β-HIVS alone, LPS alone, and LPS + β-HIVS groups, respectively. In the meantime, the mRNA levels of M1 and M2 marker genes were detected using real-time PCR assay (E). $p < 0.05, #p < 0.05, and *p < 0.05 vs. the control, LPS alone, and LPS + β-HIVS groups, respectively.