Table 3.
Summary subgroup meta-analyses: core symptoms, continuous outcome, TMS.
| Heterogeneity | Egger’s test | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N Sess | K | N | SMD (95% CI) | Z | p values | Q | P values | I2 | t | P values | |
| Depression unipolar | |||||||||||
| Stimulation type | |||||||||||
| BLDLPFC | 15–20 | 4 | 206 | −0.27 (−0.55 to 0.01) | 1.92 | 0.055 | 0.63 | 0.889 | 0 | ||
| HF-LDLPFC | 5–30 | 26 | 1908 | −0.66 (−0.91 to −0.40) | 5.01 | <0.001 | 124.85 | <0.001 | 80 | 2.35 | 0.028 |
| 5 | 3 | 42 | −0.23 (−0.80 to 0.33) | 0.81 | 0.418 | 0.27 | 0.875 | 0 | |||
| 10 | 7 | 228 | −0.90 (−1.54 to −0.27) | 2.78 | 0.006 | 21.24 | 0.002 | 72 | |||
| 12–15 | 6 | 450 | −0.46 (−1.01 to 0.09) | 1.63 | 0.103 | 30.31 | <0.001 | 83 | |||
| 20 | 7 | 705 | −0.46 (−0.78 to −0.15) | 2.86 | 0.004 | 18.46 | 0.005 | 67 | |||
| 30 | 2 | 105 | −2.14 (−4.21 to −0.08) | 2.03 | 0.042 | 13.94 | <0.001 | 93 | |||
| LF-LDLPFC | 2 | 37 | −0.01 (−0.68 to 0.66) | 0.02 | 0.985 | 0.64 | 0.425 | 0 | |||
| LF-RDLPFC | 3 | 92 | −1.35 (−2.47 to −0.22) | 2.33 | 0.020 | 12.28 | 0.002 | 84 | |||
| sTMS | 2 | 165 | −0.55 (−1.13 to 0.02) | 1.89 | 0.059 | 3.41 | 0.061 | 71 | |||
| Bipolar | |||||||||||
| HF-LDLPFC | 3 | 99 | −0.28 (−0.67 to 0.11) | 1.43 | 0.154 | 1.37 | 0.504 | 0 | |||
| OCD | |||||||||||
| Stimulation type | |||||||||||
| BLDLPFC | 10–20 | 4 | 87 | −1.10 (−1.54 to −0.65) | 4.80 | <0.001 | 1.93 | 0.059 | 0 | ||
| HF-LDLPFC | 10–15 | 2 | 58 | −0.13 (−0.62 to 0.36) | 0.52 | 0.604 | 0.00 | 0.955 | 0 | ||
| HF-RDLPFC | 10–30 | 3 | 99 | −0.65 (−1.48 to 0.18) | 1.54 | 0.124 | 8.50 | 0.014 | 76 | ||
| LF-RDLPFC | 10–20 | 4 | 95 | −0.54 (−1.00 to −0.18) | 2.83 | 0.005 | 3.23 | 0.352 | 8 | ||
| LF-SMA | 10–25 | 6 | 183 | −1.24 (−2.23 to −0.25) | 2.46 | 0.014 | 43.92 | <0.001 | 89 | ||
| PTSD | |||||||||||
| Stimulation type | |||||||||||
| HF-RDLPFC | 10 | 3 | 73 | −1.32 (−2.50 to −0.14) | 2.20 | 0.028 | 10.04 | 0.007 | 80 | ||
| LF-RDLPFC | 10–15 | 4 | 70 | −0.83 (−1.43 to −0.23) | 2.72 | 0.006 | 4.90 | 0.179 | 38 | ||
| Schizophrenia negative symptoms | |||||||||||
| Stimulation type | |||||||||||
| BLDLPFC | 3 | 77 | 0.06 (−0.39 to 0.50) | 0.24 | 0.811 | 1.36 | 0.507 | 0 | |||
| HF-LDLPFC | 5–40 | 19 | 1029 | −0.61 (−0.92 to −0.30) | 3.86 | <0.001 | 96.74 | <0.001 | 81 | 3.06 | 0.007 |
| 5 | 3 | 107 | −0.23 (−0.61 to 0.16) | 1.16 | 0.244 | 1.00 | 0.605 | 0 | |||
| 10 | 2 | 139 | −0.11 (−0.46 to 0.24) | 0.62 | 0.537 | 1.00 | 0.318 | 0 | |||
| 15 | 5 | 284 | −0.83 (−1.42 to −0.25) | 2.79 | 0.005 | 17.07 | 0.002 | 77 | |||
| 20 | 6 | 319 | −1.12 (−1.99 to −0.25) | 2.52 | 0.012 | 60.44 | <0.001 | 92 | |||
| 40 | 3 | 185 | −0.10 (−0.39 to 0.19) | 0.68 | 0.495 | 0.23 | 0.892 | 0 | |||
| LF-LDLPFC | 10 | 2 | 43 | −0.32 (0.92 to 0.29) | 1.02 | 0.307 | 0.81 | 0.368 | 0 | ||
K number of studies included, N overall number of participants, SMD standardized mean difference, OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder, PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder, TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation, sTMS synchronized TMS, BLDLPFC dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, LDLPFC left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, RDLPFC right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, SMA supplementary motor area, HF high-frequency stimulation (≥5 Hz), LF low-frequency stimulation (≤1 Hz).