Table 2.

Summary of herbal drug and components with anti-COVID-19 potential

Herbal plant	Compound	Chemical structure	Target	Reference
/	Kurarinone		/	[81]
/	Artemisinin		/	[93]
Rhizoma Polygonati	Diosgenin		/	[94]
	(+)-Syringaresinol-O-beta-D-glucoside
Huang Qi, Fu Ling, Bai Zhu, Di Huang, Shan Yao	Quercetin		PTGS2 (COX2), PTGS1 (COX1), IL6, CASP3, NOS2, and TNF, etc.	[82]
	Formononetin
	Kaempferol
Anupana	Epicatechin		/	[98]
	Hesperidin
/	Uncaria Tomentosa	/	ACE-2	[95]
Lianhua Qingwen and Shuanghuanlian	Rutin		Mpro	82
Shufeng Jiedu	Quercetin		/	[97]
	Wogonin
	Polydatin
Andrographis paniculata	/	/	Toll-like receptor pathway, PI3/AKT pathway and MAP kinase pathways	[52]
Piper nigrum	Moupinamide		S Protein	[83]
EGYVIR extract (Curcuma longa root, Piper nigrum seeds)	Pentatriacontane		Spike receptor-binding domain, NF-κB pathway	[84]
	Curcumin
	Piperine
	Sitosterol
	Amyrin
	Turmerone
	Lupeol
	Quercetin		S Protein	[85]
Yangyinjiedu, Dayuanxiaodu and Chaihuqingzao	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate		MPRO	[87]
Nigella sativa	Campesterol		N and PLPRO	[86]
	Cycloeucalenol
	Alpha-spinasterol
	Beta-sitosterol
	Cichoriin		RdRp, Nsp14, Nsp3 and PLPRO	[62]
Ephedra sinica	Ephedrine		ACE2	[88]
	Pseudoephedrine
	Methylephedrine
	Eugenin		Several active site of the SARS-CoV-2	[50]
	Silymarin
	Amoxycillin
	Curcumin
Coronil	/	/	inhibiting spike protein-ACE-2 interactions	[99]
species found in the Brazilian herbal medicine	Triterpenes and Phenolic compounds	/	/	[89]
Horchata infusion	Benzoic Acid		MPRO	[91]
	2-(ethylthio)-ethylester
	l-Leucine-N-isobutoxycarbony l-N-methyl-heptyl
	Isorhamnetin
	PLpro: isorhamnetin-3-O-(6-Orhamnosyl-galactoside)	/
	dihydroxy-methoxyflavanone and dihydroxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	/
Houttuynia cordata Thunb	7-oxodehydroasimilobine		RdRp	[92]
	1,2,3,4,5-pentamethoxy-dibenzo-quinolin-7-one	/
	1,2-dimethoxy-3-hydroxy-5-oxonoraporphine