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Blockage of the PKA/CREB signaling with H89 abolished the protective effects of Nintedanib against TNF-α- induced reduction of SOX-9 and collagen type II. Cells were stimulated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL) with or without Nintedanib (15 μM) and H89 (10 μM) for 24 hours. (a). Gene levels of SOX-9; (b). Protein levels of SOX-9; (c). Protein levels of type 2 collagen (####, P < 0.0001 vs. Vehicle group; **, ***, P < 0.01, 0.001 vs. TNF-α group).
