Table 4.

Therapeutic theory of MSCs-derived exosomes in the experimental UC

Source of exosome	Therapeutic theory	Molecular target	References
UC-MSCs	↓ Macrophage infiltration ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-7, TNF-α, iNOS ↑ IL-10, IP-10	Ubiquitin components Ubiquitin-associated molecules	[49, 50]
	↓ Macrophage pyroptosis	NLRP3	[51]
	↓ Th17 cells	TSG-6	[52]
	↑ Th2 cells	TSG-6	[52]
AD-MSCs	↑ Treg cells ↑ IL‐4, IL‐10, IL-13, TGF‐β ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN‐γ	Not defined	[68, 69]
BM-MSCs	↑Treg cells ↓Th17 cells	Stat3 inhibition mediated by exosomal miR-125a and miR-125b	[70]
OE-MSCs	↑ Treg cells ↑ TGF-β, IL-10 ↓ Th1/Th17 cells ↓ IL-17, IFN-γ	Not defined	[71]

↓ and ↑ show the decrease and the increase, respectively

MSCs mesenchymal stem cells, UC-MSCs umbilical cord-derived MSCs, AD-MSCs adipose-derived MSCs, BM-MSCs bone marrow-derived MSCs, OE-MSCs olfactory ecto-MSCs, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, TSG-6 TNF-α stimulated gene 6, NLRP3 NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3