Table 3.

Summary of interventions

Author	Country	Research Design	Target Population	Intervention	Control Group	Outcomes
Verhaeghe et al. 2020 [24]	France	Uncontrolled prospective single centre before-after study	Doctors	Simulation training for doctors regarding the communication of miscarriage	None	Significant improvement in the couples’ personal experience and a significant decrease in the psychological morbidity associated with the disclosure following training. Attitude of the physician announcing the pregnancy loss was significantly improved.
Johnson et al. 2015 [42]	USA	Experimental, post-test only, control group design	Women	One-hour long bereavement sessions for women based on Guidelines for Medical Professionals Providing Care to the Family Experiencing Perinatal Loss, Neonatal Death, DIDS or other Infant Death.	Routine miscarriage care	Women who received the intervention showed less signs of grief and were 50% less likely to display despair than women in the control group. Women in both groups reported high levels of active grieving.
Kong et al. 2014 [40]	China	RCT	Women	Supportive counselling from aa single nurse counsellor in the hospital before discharge and 2 weeks later by telephone.	Routine miscarriage care	A session of supportive counselling with a trained nurse counsellor, delivered immediately and at 2 weeks after diagnosis of miscarriage, did not show a statistically significant effect in reducing the psychological distress of women after miscarriage. It also failed to show any additional effects. Among the subset of women who had high baseline scores on th Psychological wellbeing (GHQ-12) and depression (BDI) questionnaires, a statistically significant difference was observed between counselling and standard care groups in terms of lower scores and reduced proportions of women scoring highly at 6 weeks in the counselling group.
Kong et al. 2013 [41]	China	RCT	Women	Women were divided into 3 groups according to treatment chosen (medical, surgical, expectant) to measure the psychological outcomes according to treatment	N/A	Significantly more women who received either surgical or medical evacuation expressed worries of weakening or even damage to their bodies as a result of the treatment. Significantly more women with successful treatment scored higher on CSQ-8 compared with women having unsuccessful treatment. Less women with successful treatment expressed worries about the treatment damaging their bodies. There were no significant differences in psychological outcomes measured in terms of psychological well-being (GHQ-12), depression (BDI), anxiety (STAI) and fatigue symptoms (FS) at the time of treatment and four weeks after treatment among three treatment modalities. Women with active intervention (both surgical and medical evacuation) had a significantly higher score of CIES-R at the time of treatment when compared with women in the expectant management group. The traumatic psychological impact had lessened in the subsequent follow-up at Day 28.
Klein et al. 2012 [43]	United Kingdom	RCT	Parents	Women received a study pack containing participant information about “Miscarriage Matters” website and its contents (online answers from clinical experts, interactions with others as a means of support via a Forum, contact details of voluntary agencies who provide support after miscarriage)	N/A	Results indicated that the intervention group was significantly less anxious and depressed at the 3-month follow-up. Similarly, the intervention group reported significantly higher levels of emotional wellbeing.
Séjourné et al. 2010 [26]	France	RCT		All women were asked to participate in a support intervention consisting of one psychological session of CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy) on the day of the surgical intervention	No CBT session and provided with a support intervention at 3 months post-miscarriage	At 3 weeks post-miscarriage, the women in the control group had higher scores on anxiety. There were no significant differences at either 10 weeks or 6 months post-miscarriage with regards to symptom intensity. At 10 weeks, more women in the control group showed elevated scores on depression.