Fig. 1.

CC chemokines in radiation responses. The figure shows the chemokines released by tumour cells or adjacent normal cells. In tumour tissues (left part, green), the released chemokines could act on tumour cells or attract different immune subsets, which could promote tumour control or metastasis. In normal tissues (right part, red), radiation promotes the production of chemokines in epithelial cells, endothelial cells or fibroblasts. The released chemokines could trigger EMT in primary cells. Multiple immune cell subsets could be recruited, including macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and microglia. These outcomes ultimately lead to radiation-induced injury. Abbreviations: MSC, MSCs; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; TAMs, tumour-associated macrophages; TILs, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes; DC, dendritic cells; Treg, regulatory T lymphocytes