Table 3.

Collagen culture scaffold

Crosslinkers	Mechanical properties	Porosity	Pore size	Type of cultured cells	Medium used	Maximum growth rate	References
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino-propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)	6.71 ± 3.2 kPA and 6.73 ± 1.7 kPA for collagen-only and collagen- chondroitin sulfate scaffolds	N/A	9.48 ± 4.7 µm	Primary porcine trabecular meshwork cells	DMEM with 10% FBS and 1% pen/strep	Fluorescent imaging with 90% or more of the top surface of the collagen scaffold was covered with cells	[25]
EDC	N/A	N/A	N/A	Multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), α-minimum essential medium (α-MEM)	2.4 × 106 cells/cm3	[26]
Gradient crosslinked	N/A	N/A	1.6 × 108 pores/cm2	human small intestinal monolayers	expansion medium (EM)	Protein expression are more than 5 pmol/mg	[27]
N/A	Mechanical performance of the brain tissue: 6.9 kPa	N/A	N/A	Human neural stem cells, astrocytes, and microglia	N/A	cell viability of 84%	[30]
PFA, glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide 4 wt.%	Young’s modulus: 33 ± 12 kPa, Ultimate tensile Stress: 33 ± 6 kPa and Strain at failure: 105 ± 28%	N/A	25 to 95 µm	Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts (NHDFs) and C2C12 murine myoblasts	low glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)	The cells show high proliferation rate under fluorescent microscopy	[31]
N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	MLO-Y4 osteocytes	Minimum Essential Medium-α modification (α-MEM)	Fraction of dead cells of 0.0276 ± 0.0040	[33]
N/A	N/A	N/A	50 to 150 μm	human adipose-derived stem cells	DMEM	Quantification of differentiation rate of 75%	[29]
Glutaraldehyde	N/A	81 ± 3.9%	259.2 ± 45.2 µm	Hepatocyte (HepG2), liver cell cultivation	DMEM/high glucose	Cell proliferation with CCK-8 assay results of 2.7 at 450 nm absorbance, cell counting up to 5.8 × 105 cells per piece	[32]
N/A	Young’s Modulus: 26 kPa	N/A	N/A	Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and osteoblasts	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium	Cell proliferation assay by CCK-8 analysis for 21 days: 800%	[34]
EDC/NHS	Tensile Modulus: 31 ± 4.4 MPa	92.18 ± 2.05%	138.06 ± 59.40 µm	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	Endothelial Cell Growth Medium 2	Percentage of EdU-positive cells 24 h after seeding: 27%	[28]
N/A	Max elevation: 0.05 mm	N/A	N/A	Human dermal fibroblast cell	Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium	Cell viability (LDH assay): 53 U/L	[35]