Table 2.
Information on vector behaviours
| P. knowlesi vector species | WHO Indicators | Literature | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occurrence | Density (min|max) | HBR | HBI | Biting time | Biting location | Resting location | Resistance | Larval habitat | Sporozoite rate | EIR | ||
| An. latens | Borneo: Sarawak, South/Central/North Kalimantan | 1 | 1073 | Highest in forest fringe and forest | Human—monkey = 1:1.126; 1.3:17 | Starts early, peak varies (20.00–01.00) | Outdoors | ° | Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water; little vegetation | 0.70–1.40% | * | [34, 40, 46, 49, 50, 56, 60, 100] | |
| An. leucosphyrus | Sumatra, Java | Highest in forest | Peaks between 00.00–04.00 | Outdoors | Freshwater pools, shaded water, jungle pools, seepage springs, marshes, hoof prints | [34, 60, 101] | ||||||
| An. balabacensis | Malaysia: Sabah, North Sarawak; Indonesia: North/South Kalimantan, Sumatra, Java, West Nusa Tenggara | 1 | 1791 | Highest in forest edge and plantations | Early, peaks between 18.00–21.00 | Mainly outdoor, some indoor biting present in villages | ° | 1.03–3.42% (100%) | * | [23, 40–42, 45, 49, 51, 100, 102–104]a | |||
| An. introlatus | Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra | 4 | 135 | Highest in forest | Early, peaks between 19.00–21.00 | Outdoors | [46, 53, 56, 104] | ||||||
| An. dirus | Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia | 8 | 5686 | Highest in forest 0.3–17.4 | Early peak, biting continues through the night | Outdoors, occasional indoor biting | ** | Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water, along slow streams | (0%), 0.54–2.0% | ° | [21, 38, 47, 48, 52, 61, 68, 105] | ||
| An. cracens | Peninsular Malaysia | 40 | 648 | High in forest and fruit farm | ° | Early, peaks between 19.00–21.00 | Outdoors | Freshwater pools, puddles; still, shaded water; little vegetation | 0.60–2.90% | * | [12, 44, 66, 104] | ||
| An. donaldi | Malaysia: Sarawak, Sabah, | 3 | 251 | High in forest | Early, peaks between 18.00–19.00 | Outdoors | * | [41, 42, 45, 51, 100] | |||||
| An. sundaicus | As possible P. knowlesi vector: Nicobar Islands, India | 350 | [43] | |||||||||
| An. letifer | Malaysian Borneo | 172 | ° | 3.48% | [40, 56] | |||||||
This table includes information based on published data on biological indicators of species that are known to transmit P. knowlesi malaria to humans, based on the WHO indicators for vector control. The table only includes publications that studies a species in its role as vector for zoonotic malaria; i.e., An. dirus is also a vector for human malarias but only research on its role as vector for zoonotic malaria is included; An. donaldi, An. letifer and An. sundaicus await confirmation. HBR human biting rate, HBI human blood index, EIR entomological inoculation rate
aSome additional information on An. balabacensis was provided by the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. We have included this document as Reference [106], which is an official document issued by the Ministry of Health, Indonesia and is available upon request