Table 3.

Associations Between Social Relationships and Trajectories of Memory Change With Spousal Loss: Findings From Models Including Control Variables (Gender, Education, Race/Ethnicity, Time-Varying Functional Health, and Repartnered/Remarried)

	Social network						Social activities						Perceived deficiencies
Parameter	Children within 10 miles		Relatives in the neighborhood		Friends in the neighborhood		Frequency of social visits		Providing help		Volunteering		Loneliness
Fixed effects	γ	SE	γ	SE	γ	SE	γ	SE	γ	SE	γ	SE	γ	SE
Intercept	9.60*	0.06	9.60*	0.06	9.59*	0.06	9.60*	0.06	9.60*	0.06	9.59*	0.06	9.60*	0.06
Age	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01	−0.14*	0.01
Age2	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01	−0.002*	<0.01
Widowhood	−0.22*	0.06	−0.23*	0.06	−0.20*	0.06	−0.22*	0.06	−0.25*	0.06	−0.22*	0.06	−0.24*	0.06
Widowhood × Age	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01*	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01*	0.01	−0.02	0.01
BP mean	−0.27	0.13	−0.34*	0.16	0.42*	0.17	0.09*	0.04	0.49*	0.18	0.80*	0.16	−1.06*	0.20
BP mean × Age	−0.01	0.01	−0.02	0.02	−0.02	0.02	−0.01	<0.01	−0.03	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.01	0.02
BP mean × Widowhood	0.39*	0.14	0.03	0.17	−0.02	0.17	−0.07	0.04	0.47*	0.19	0.32	0.17	−0.29	0.21
BP mean × Age × Widowhood	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.02	−0.01	0.02	0.00	<0.01	−0.01	0.02	0.00	0.02	0.03	0.02
WP change	0.07	0.11	0.06	0.09	0.04	0.08	0.04*	0.02	0.07	0.07	0.17	0.09	−0.04	0.08
WP change × Widowhood	−0.16	0.18	−0.11	0.14	0.04	0.13	0.00	0.03	0.29*	0.12	0.10	0.15	0.25	0.13
Random effects	u	SE	u	SE	u	SE	u	SE	u	SE	u	SE	u	SE
Var (intercept)	3.18*	0.14	3.18*	0.14	3.18*	0.14	3.19*	0.14	3.12*	0.14	3.09*	0.14	3.11*	0.14
Var (age)	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01	0.005*	<0.01
Covar (intercept, age)	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.01
Residual variance (eti)	5.43*	0.08	5.42*	0.08	5.43*	0.08	5.42*	0.08	5.42*	0.08	5.42*	0.08	5.43*	0.08

Notes: N = 2,074. SE = standard error; BP = between-person; WP = within-person; Var = variance; Covar = covariance. Age is scaled in years and centered at 73 years, the average age at spousal loss in the present sample. Widowhood is coded 0 for all observations before spousal loss and 1 for all observations after spousal loss.

*p < .05.