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. 2021 Nov 5;77(4):717–727. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab333

Table 3.

LLFS Phenotypes: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Heritabilities

Phenotype Cross-Sectional Longitudinal
P1 = Phenotype @ Visit 1 Heritability P2 = Phenotype @ Visit 2 Heritability Growth Curve Δ = (P2 − P1)/(T2 − T1) OLS Slope Heritability
Corr. Between Measured Pi & GC Est. GC Slope Heritability
Cardiovascular traits
 Systolic blood pressure 0.23 0.19 0.87 0.30 0.00
 Diastolic blood pressure 0.23 0.18 0.87 0.26 0.08
 Pulse pressure 0.23 0.26 0.86 0.37 0.00
 Heart rate 0.34 0.33 0.88 0.52 0.00
 Ankle–brachial index* N/A 0.16 NA NA
 Carotid IMT N/A 0.47 N/A N/A
 Far wall carotid IMT N/A 0.37 NA NA
 Lumen diameter, CCA N/A 0.53 N/A N/A
 Adventitial diameter, CCA N/A 0.64 N/A N/A
 Plaque burden index N/A 0.30 N/A N/A
Anthropometric traits
 Body mass index 0.47 0.55 0.97 0.56 0.13
 Weight 0.57 0.61 0.97 0.64 0.13
 Abdominal circumference 0.45 0.57 0.95 0.56 0.18
 Arm span* N/A 0.74 N/A N/A
Lipid traits
 Cholesterol (total) 0.36 0.40 0.89 0.44 0.06
 HDL 0.48 0.52 0.94 0.50 0.05
 LDL 0.44 0.43 0.91 0.50 0.04
 Triglycerides 0.34 0.29 0.90 0.36 0.00
Glycemic traits
 Glucose 0.33 0.26 0.84 0.39 0.23
 Hemoglobin A1c 0.42 0.40 0.91 0.42 0.17
 Insulin 0.27 N/A N/A N/A
Lung-related traits
 FEV1 (1 s) 0.46 0.40 0.97 0.12 0.04
 FEV6 (6 s) 0.48 0.44 0.96 0.14 0.07
 Forced vital capacity (FVC) 0.46 0.43 0.96 0.15 0.08
 FEV1/FVC 0.32 0.39 0.96 0.02 0.00
 %Predicted FEV1 (30–150) 0.31 0.29 0.90 0.32 0.04
 %Predicted FEV6 (30–150) 0.26 0.28 0.85 0.28 0.07
Blood-based biomarkers
 Telomere length 0.53 N/A N/A N/A
 Creatinine 0.32 0.26 0.90 0.35 0.15
 Cystatin C 0.33 N/A N/A N/A
 Interleukin-6 0.21 N/A N/A N/A
 C-reactive protein (hsCRP) 0.24 N/A N/A N/A
 ProBrain Natriuretic Peptide, N-Terminal (pro-BNP) 0.22 N/A N/A N/A
 Vitamin D2 0.16 N/A N/A N/A
 Vitamin D3 0.30 N/A N/A N/A
 Transferrin 0.41 N/A N/A N/A
 sRAGE 0.38 N/A N/A N/A
 Testosterone 0.13 N/A N/A N/A
 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) 0.38 N/A N/A N/A
 DHEA sulfate 0.39 N/A N/A N/A
 Albumin 0.34 N/A N/A N/A
Physical performance measures
 Grip strength (kg) 0.44 0.47 0.89 0.52 0.29
 Gait speed (m/s) 0.23 0.15 0.92 0.29 0.09
 Chair stand 0.22 0.25 0.85 0.36 0.00
 Physical perform (SPPB) 0.14 0.08 0.82 0.12 0.00
 Framingham physical activity score N/A 0.17 N/A N/A
 Pittsburgh fatigability score
  Mental component N/A 0.24 N/A N/A
  Physical component N/A 0.22 N/A N/A
Neuropsychological traits
 MMSE 0.19 0.22 0.80 0.08 0.04
 CES-D 0.15 0.15 0.93 0.15 0.07
 Logical memory, immediate 0.28 0.28 0.87 0.39 0.01
 Trail Making Part A N/A 0.31 N/A N/A
 Trail Making Part B 0.32
 Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) N/A 0.33 N/A N/A
 Digit Span Forward 0.35 0.46 0.88 0.53 0.13
 Digit Span Backward 0.30 0.29 0.86 0.40 0.05
 Category Fluency—Animal 0.36 0.35 0.88 0.48 0.03
 Digit Substitution Test 0.40 0.45 0.94 0.54 0.03
 Logical memory, delayed 0.28 0.25 0.87 0.38
Healthy Aging Index (HAI)
 Evenly weighted HAI 0.28 0.27 0.88 0.30 0.11
 Mortality weighted HAI 0.26 0.27 0.89 0.27 0.16

Notes: CCA = Common Carotid Artery; CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; DHEA = dehydroepiandrosterone; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FEV6 = forced expiratory volume in 6 s; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; IMT = intima-media thickness; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LLFS = Long Life Family Study; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; N/A = not applicable; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery. “P1=Phenotype @ Visit 1 Heritability” is the heritability of the phenotype measured at Visit 1. “P2=Phenotype @ Visit 2 Heritability” is the heritability of the phenotype measured at Visit 2. “Corr. between Measured Pi & GC Est.” is the Pearson correlation between the phenotype as measured (in either Visit 1 or Visit 2) and the estimated phenotype at that visit by the growth curve model. “GC Slope Heritability” is the heritability of the growth curve individual slopes (personal rate of change per unit time). “Δ = (P2 − P1)/(T2 − T1) OLS slope Heritability” is the heritability of the individual Ordinary Least Squares Slopes, which for two visits is the simple difference between Visit 2 and Visit 1 phenotype divided by the time between visits.