Table 2.
Associations of Bridge Employment Situation With All-Cause Mortality and Adjusted Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) for Bridge Employment
| Cox model | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Death events | Age-standardized mortality rate per 100,000 person-years | Crude HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | % PAF (95% CI)d | ||
| Men | |||||||
| Healthyb | Retirement and nonemploymente | 15,770 | 2,706 | 1,698 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Bridge employment | 20,860 | 3,972 | 1,907 | 1.11 (1.06, 1.17)** | 0.82 (0.77, 0.88)** | 7.2 (5.0, 9.3) | |
| Unhealthyc | Retirement and nonemploymente | 12,889 | 3,305 | 2,728 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Bridge employmente | 7,584 | 2,097 | 2,953 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15)** | 0.76 (0.71, 0.82)** | 14.5 (11.2, 17.7) | |
| Women | |||||||
| Healthyb | Retirement and nonemploymente | 39,823 | 3,302 | 653 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Bridge employment | 30,839 | 2,224 | 599 | 0.86 (0.82, 0.91)** | 0.79 (0.74, 0.94)** | 12.7 (9.7, 15.6) | |
| Unhealthyc | Retirement and nonemploymente | 26,541 | 3,623 | 1,208 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Bridge employment | 9,313 | 1,159 | 1,079 | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96)** | 0.73 (0.68, 0.79)** | 20.2 (15.9, 24.4) | |
Notes: CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.
aAdjusted for age, region (rural/urban), marital status, highest education, and household income, smoking, alcohol consumption, and self-rated health.
bHealthy was defined as without the following major chronic conditions: diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke or transient ischemic attack, hypertension, emphysema/bronchitis, asthma, kidney disease, cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis, and cancer.
cUnhealthy was defined as with one or more of the abovementioned diseases at baseline.
dThe fraction of the mortality observed is attributable to participants not having bridge employment, with 95% CI.
eThe reference group of each gender is composed of people free from bridge employment.
**p < .01.