Fig. 1 |. Nanocellulose printing.
a, Schematic of the hierarchical structure of crystalline nanocellulose. b, Dynamic viscosity plotted versus shear rate for a range of nanocellulose concentrations in water. c, Schematic of the aerosol jet printing ultrasonication process, with a magnified view of an ink droplet. d, Schematic of the printer head with a magnified view of the printer nozzle. e, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a printed nanocellulose film at various magnifications compared to an optical image. f, Grid of printed nanocellulose squares as a function of flow rate (measured in standard cubic centimetres per minute, s.c.c.m.) and nanocellulose concentration.