Extended Data Fig. 3 |. Crystalline Nanocellulose dielectric characterization.

a, Top-view optical image and (b) SEM cross-sectional image of nanocellulose parallel plate capacitor. c, Capacitance as a function of frequency for nanocellulose capacitor before heating (dashed line) and after heating to 80 °C for 1 hour (solid blue lines) measured every 30 seconds for 30 minutes (light to dark blue), indicating strong frequency dependence of capacitance and a recoverable decay of low-frequency capacitance after heating. d, Capacitance response to atmosphere conditions in vacuum (blue), air (white), and nitrogen (grey). Both tests demonstrate hydration dependence on capacitance with a decrease in low-frequency capacitance after water evaporation due to heat and vacuum, respectively. The nitrogen atmosphere demonstrates that the capacitance decrease is caused by a hydration decrease as opposed to an environmental pressure change.