Table 1.
Main pathways target of recent innovative pharmacological treatments, their approved indications in Europe and United States and study phase for other inflammatory/infective sinonasal conditions.
| Pathways | mAbs | Target | Approved indications in EU by ema | Approved indications in us by FDA | studies phase in NP, CRS, or CRSwNP, CRSsNP, AR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IgE | Omalizumab | IgE | - CRSwNP - CIU - Allergic asthma |
- Nasal polyps - CIU - Allergic asthma |
Phase 3 (AR) |
| Ligelizumab | IgE | - | - | No trials yet | |
| Quilizumab | IgE | - | - | Phase 1 (AR) | |
| IL-5 | Mepolizumab | IL-5 | - Eosinophilic asthma | - Eosinophilic asthma - HES - EGPA |
Phase 3 (NP) |
| Reslizumab | IL-5 | - Eosinophilic asthma | - Eosinophilic asthma | Phase 3 (CRS) | |
| Benralizumab | IL-5Rα | - Eosinophilic asthma | - Eosinophilic asthma | Phase 3 (NP) Phase 3 (CRSwNP) | |
| IL-4/IL-13 | Dupilumab | IL-4Rα | - Atopic dermatitis - Asthma - CRSwNP |
- Atopic dermatitis - Asthma - CRSwNP |
Phase 3 (CRSnNP) Phase 4 (CRSwNP) |
| Tralokinumab | IL-13 | - Atopic dermatitis | - Atopic dermatitis | No trials yet | |
| Lebrikizumab | IL-13 | - | - | No trials yet | |
| IL-17 | Brodalumab | IL-17RA | - Psoriasis | - Psoriasis | No trials yet |
| IL-33 | Etokimab | IL-33 | - | - | Phase 2 (CRSwNP) |
| TSLP | Tezepelumab | TSLP | - | - | Phase 3 (CRSwNP) |
CIU, chronic idiopathic urticarial; AR, Allergic Rhinitis; NP, nasal polyps; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; EGPA, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis; HES, hypereosinophilic syndrome; CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps; CRSwNP, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, EU, Europe; US, United States; EMA, European Medicines Agency; FDA, Food and Drugs Administration.