Table 2.
Current treatments under investigation for food allergy.
| Strategy | Approach | Description | Model | Immunological changes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elimination of Th2 components | Dupilumab (19)* | Anti-IL-4Rα Monoclonal antibody- dually inhibits IL-4 and IL-13 |
Ovalbumin (OVA) Allergy ↓ Anti-IL-4Rα (i.p.) | Decreased PN-IgE levels Inhibited anaphylaxis |
| Omalizumab (92)* | Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody | PN Allergy ↓ Anti-IgE (i.p.) plus OVA (oral) | Reduced anaphylactic response | |
| Etokimab (93)* | Anti-IL-33 antibody - inhibits the alarmin IL-33 | Preclinical Trial PN Allergy ↓ Anti-IL-33 (i.v.) | Decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13 and ST2 CD4+ T cells Decreased PN-IgE Increased successful oral food challenges |
|
| Shifting Th2 to Th1 | Glucopyranosyl Lipid A (94)* | Toll-like receptor 4 Th1 Adjuvant |
PN Allergy ↓ OVA plus GLA (s.l.) | Inhibited anaphylaxis |
| CpG (95) | Toll-like receptor 9 Th1 Adjuvant |
PN Allergy ↓ PN plus CpG (i.n.) | Increased IL-10 and IFN-γ and decreased IL-13 Reduced anaphylactic response Increased PN-specific IgG2c and mucosal IgA |
|
| Induction of T regulatory cells | Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (96) | Immunoregulatory cytokine | OVA plus TGF-β (oral) ↓ OVA Allergy | Decreased OVA-IgE and OVA-IgG1levels |
| Abatacept (91) | Fc region of IgG1 fused to anti-Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 | OVA Allergy ↓ OVA plus Abatacept (s.c.) | Suppressed airway hypersensitivity Decreased OVA-IgE levels Decreased Th2 cells |
|
| IL-2 (97) | Anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody IL-2/anti-IL-2Ab complex |
Milk Allergy ↓ OVA (s.l.) plus IL-2 (i.p.) | Decreased IL-5 Increased IL-10 and TGF-β Decreased IgE levels |
The * symbol denotes treatments currently in clinical trials.