Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of Study Cohort

Characteristic	Women, No. (%)a		P Value
	HIV Uninfected (n = 95)	HIV Infected (n = 111)
Baseline maternal
Age, mean (SD) y	25 (5)	30 (6)	<.001
Married	76 (80.0)	98 (88.3)	.10
Employed	21 (22.1)	42 (37.8)	.01
Educational level
No formal education	3 (3.2)	3 (2.7)	.54
Less than college	81 (85.3)	100 (90.1)
College	11 (11.6)	8 (7.2)
Nonsmoker during pregnancy	95 (100)	111 (100.0)
No alcohol use during pregnancy	92 (96.8)	95 (85.5)	.005
BMI, mean (SD)b	24.77 (4.19)	24.81 (4.10)	.92
Obstetric
GA, mean (SD), wk	19 (3)	20 (4)	.04
Parity, mean (SD)	1 (1)	2 (2)	<.001
Immune status
Previous tuberculosis diagnosis	1 (1.1)	5 (4.5)	.22
CD4+ T-cell count, mean (SD), cells/µL	807 (1735)	405 ( 205)	<.001
Baseline immune activation, mean (SD), %c	26.2 (13.0)	39.6 (18.8)	<.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; GA, gestational age; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.

^aData represent no. (%) of women unless otherwise specified.

^bBMI is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

^cImmune activation is expressed as the percentage of CD8⁺CD3⁺ T cells expressing CD38 and HLA-DR.