Table 5.
VBNC Lm induced by antimicrobials and/or in biofilms.
| Lm strains | Tested conditions | Incubation time | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Murray 7148 | Biofilm on glass slides at 37°C, 7 log CFU/mL | Up to 10 days | Chae and Schraft, 2001 |
| 10403S | BHI adjusted to pH 4.0 with HCl, incubated at 37°C in the presence or absence of 50 mM K sorbate | 24 hours | Cunningham et al., 2009 |
| NCTC 13372 | Biofilm on stainless steel coupons in tap water, incubated at different temperatures, 7 log CFU/mL | 24 hours | Giao and Keevil, 2014 |
| Listeria innocua DSM 20649 | Pulsed light treatment (on a heat-stable polysaccharide gel surface with one single intense pulse), 6 to 7 log CFU/cm2 | one pulse | Kramer and Muranyi, 2014 |
| 9 ATCC strains from different serotypes | Chloramine-T or sodium hypochlorite in TSB at 37°C, 6 log CFU/mL | 20 hours | Gao and Liu, 2014 |
| LO28 EGDe |
Biofilm on stainless steel surfaces, with different cleaning and disinfection procedures using Topax, a chlorinated alkaline cleaner or Triquart, a quaternary ammonium-based disinfectant, 8 log CFU/coupon | 4 days | Overney et al., 2017 |
| EGDe EGDe ∆lmo2549 EGDe ∆lmo2550 DSS 1130 BFA2 |
Biofilm on stainless steel coupons at 30°C, 7 log CFU/mL | 48 hours | Brauge et al., 2018 |
| Scott A-GFP | Spinach leaves washed in chlorinated water, 6 log CFU/mL | 2 minutes | Highmore et al, 2018 |
| Cocktail of five nalidixic acid-adapted strains (obtained from Scott A, LCDC-81-861, F8027, H7750 and G3990 strains) | Electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water (pH 2.3), after low free chlorine concentration treatments, 6 log CFU/mL | 1 and 5 minutes | Afari and Hung, 2018 |
| EGDe | Combinational effect of surfactants and salts at room temperature, 9 log CFU/mL | 1 and 24 hours | Robben et al., 2018 |
| 3253 EGDe QC1 Scott A |
11% Lutensol XP30 + 1 M MgCl2, at room temperature, 9 log CFU/mL Susceptibility tests to antibiotics: ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem Test of quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g., Benzalkonium chloride) and preservatives (bronopol, sodium azide) |
24 hours | Robben et al., 2019 |
| 3-strain cocktail (FS2025, FS2030, FS2061) | Rinse water of spinach or romaine lettuce leaves (untreated or chlorinated or peracetic-treated water), 6 log CFU/mL | 30 seconds | Gu et al., 2020 |
| SLCC2540s | - Adaptation to benzalkonium chloride - Susceptibility tests to antibiotics: ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, linezolid, meropenem, rifampicin, tetracycline, tigecycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, at 37°C, 8.2 log CFU/mL |
24 hours | Noll et al., 2020 |
| Cocktail of three strains (ATCC 7644, ATCC 19112, ATCC 19117) | Essential oils in meat-based broth and PBS at 30°C, 7 log CFU/mL | 60 to 180 minutes | de Medeiros Barbosa et al., 2020 |
| ATCC 19115 | Distilled water, with NaCl 30% at 4°C, 7 log CFU/mL | 27 days | Zolfaghari et al., 2020 |
| 6-strain cocktail | Chlorine-treated process wash water from washing shredded lettuce, 5 log CFU/mL | 30 seconds + 1 and 3 hours |
Truchado et al., 2020 |
| Lm1 Endogenous strains |
- Single species and mixed biofilms grown on stainless steel and PVC after quaternary ammonium compound (QA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) treatment, 9 log CFU/mL - Environmental samples collected in smoked salmon processing plants before cleaning and disinfection (C&D) operations |
20 minutes | Brauge et al., 2020 |
| Scott A | Non-treated (control) or treated bacteria (mild heating (55°C), for 30 min combined or not with terpenoids) and stored at 4°C, followed by inoculation on Gorgonzola rind, 4.6-4.8 log CFU/g | 3 and 7 days | Chiara et al., 2021 |
| Scott A | Exposure to peracetic acid at 40 ppm, at 20°C, 9 log CFU/mL | 3 hours | Arvaniti et al., 2021 |
Studies are listed by publication date in the References column.