Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population with limited access to an improved drinking water source in Ethiopia, 2016 EDHS.
| Variables | Categories | Limited (%) n = 4,047(39.74%) | Basic (%) n = 6,136 (60.26%) | Total frequency (n = 10, 183) | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of household head (years) | 13–30 | 776(32.72) | 1595(67.28) | 2,370 | 23.27 |
| 31–40 | 1037(40.14) | 1547(59.86) | 2,584 | 25.38 | |
| 41–56 | 2,019(47.35) | 2,244(52.65) | 2,679 | 26.31 | |
| >57 | 1173(43.8) | 1506(56.20) | 2,549 | 25.04 | |
| Sex of household head | Male | 2,986 (40.37) | 4,409(59.63) | 7,395 | 72.62 |
| Female | 1,061 (38.07) | 1,727 (61.93) | 2,788 | 27.38 | |
| Educational attainment of household head | No education | 2,521 (49.52) | 2,570 (50.48) | 5,092 | 50.00 |
| Primary education | 1,205 (39.27) | 1,863 (60.73) | 3,068 | 30.14 | |
| Secondary& above | 321(15.85) | 1,702 (84.15) | 2,023 | 19.86 | |
| Marital status of head of household | Married | 3172 (42.39) | 4310 (57.61) | 7,482 | 73.48 |
| Not married | 875(32.41) | 1825 (67.59) | 2,701 | 26.52 | |
| House hold family size | 1–3 | 1225 (33.02) | 2484 (66.98) | 3,709 | 36.42 |
| 4–6 | 1881 (41.56) | 2646 (58.44) | 4,527 | 44.46 | |
| 7 & above | 941 (48.34) | 1006 (51.66) | 1,947 | 19.12 | |
| Media exposure | No | 2903 (48.90) | 3033 (51.10) | 5,936 | 58.30 |
| Yes | 1144 (26.94) | 3103 (73.06) | 4,247 | 41.70 | |
| Wealth index | Poor | 1539 (56.20) | 1200 (43.80) | 2,738 | 26.89 |
| Middle | 952 (49.91) | 955 (50.09) | 1,906 | 18.73 | |
| Rich | 1556 (28.10) | 3981 (71.90) | 5,537 | 54.38 | |
| Person who fetch the water | Adult woman | 2819 (52.57) | 2543 (47.43) | 5,361 | 71.10 |
| Adult man | 384 (52.75) | 344 (47.25) | 729 | 9.67 | |
| Female child under 15 years old | 555 (57.20) | 416 (42.80) | 971 | 12.88 | |
| Male child under 15 years old | 192 (56.78) | 146 (43.22) | 337 | 4.48 | |
| Other | 97(68.45) | 45 (31.55) | 141 | 1.88 | |
| Residence | Urban | 380 (13.32) | 2475 (86.68) | 2,855 | 28.04 |
| Rural | 3667 (50.04) | 3661 (49.96) | 7,328 | 71.96 | |
| Region | Tigray | 384 (43.91) | 490 (56.09) | 874 | 8.58 |
| Afar | 27 (37.68) | 45 (62.32) | 71 | 0.70 | |
| Amhara | 1148 (44.05) | 1458 (55.95) | 2,606 | 25.59 | |
| Oromia | 1250 (35.25) | 2296 (64.75) | 3,546 | 34.83 | |
| Somalia | 105 (57.36) | 78 (42.64) | 183 | 1.80 | |
| B/Gumuz | 63 (43.86) | 81 (56.14) | 144 | 1.41 | |
| SNNPR | 1025 (52.99) | 910 (47.01) | 1,935 | 19.00 | |
| Gambelia | 9 (24.10) | 29 (75.90) | 38 | 0.37 | |
| Harare | 5 (15.99) | 27 (84.01) | 32 | 0.31 | |
| Addis Ababa | 18 (2.64) | 669 (97.36) | 687 | 6.75 | |
| Diredewa | 12 (18.45) | 54 (81.55) | 66 | 0.65 |