Table 2. Characteristics of patients stratified by outcomes at 6 months after cardiac arrest.
| Variable | Good outcome (N = 357) | Poor outcome (N = 806) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex, N (%) | 280 (78.4) | 545 (67.6) | <0.001 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 53.9 (43.9–61.6) | 61.2 (48.7–72.9) | <0.001 |
| Witnessed collapse, N (%) | 305 (85.7)a | 518 (65.3)b | <0.001 |
| Bystander CPR, N (%) | 246 (70.1)c | 475 (60.0)d | 0.001 |
| First monitored rhythm | <0.001 | ||
| Shockable, N (%) | 265 (77.3)e | 151 (19.2)f | |
| Non-shockable, N (%) | 78 (22.7) | 637 (80.8) | |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Coronary artery disease, N (%) | 58 (16.2) | 92 (11.4) | 0.030 |
| Arrhythmia, N (%) | 20 (5.6) | 40 (5.0) | 0.756 |
| Heart failure, N (%) | 16 (4.5) | 40 (5.0) | 0.838 |
| CVA, N (%) | 11 (3.1) | 47 (5.8) | 0.066 |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 105 (29.4) | 299 (37.1) | 0.013 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 56 (15.7) | 212 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary disease, N (%) | 12 (3.4) | 77 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| Neurologic disease other than CVA, N (%) | 6 (1.7) | 51 (6.3) | 0.001 |
| Malignancy, N (%) | 17 (4.8) | 50 (6.2) | 0.403 |
| Chronic kidney disease, N (%) | 12 (3.4) | 76 (9.4) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis, N (%) | 1 (0.3) | 19 (2.4) | 0.023 |
| Time to ROSC, min, median (IQR) | 18 (12–26) | 35 (24–48) | <0.001 |
| No-flow duration, min, median (IQR) | 1 (0–5) | 1 (0–7) | 0.009 |
| Low-flow duration, min, median (IQR) | 15 (9–24) | 31 (21–42) | <0.001 |
| Epinephrine dose given during CPR, mg, median (IQR) | 0 (0–1)g | 2 (1–4)h | <0.001 |
| Arrest etiology | <0.001 | ||
| Cardiac, N (%) | 312 (87.4) | 402 (49.9) | |
| Non-cardiac, N (%) | 45 (12.6) | 404 (50.1) | |
| Cardiac arrest at home, N (%) | 151 (43.5)i | 451 (57.3)j | <0.001 |
| Prehospital ROSC, N (%) | 251 (70.3) | 122 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Rearrest before ICU admission, N (%) | 8 (2.2) | 56 (6.9) | 0.002 |
| GCS motor score before ICU admission, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4)k | 1 (1–1)l | <0.001 |
| Reactive pupillary light reflex before ICU admission, N (%) | 264 (84.6)m | 313 (43.1)n | <0.001 |
| Initial laboratory parameters | |||
| pH, median (IQR) | 7.23 (7.12–7.31)o | 7.05 (6.90–7.18)p | <0.001 |
| PaCO2, mmHg, median (IQR) | 38.1 (32.0–46.8)q | 53.0 (37.5–73.6)r | <0.001 |
| PaO2, mmHg, median (IQR) | 119.0 (81.6–218.5)s | 127.9 (79.3–226.3)t | 0.458 |
| Lactate, mmol/l, median (IQR) | 6.3 (2.1–10.6)u | 10.1 (5.7–13.3)v | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 1.19 (1.00–1.35)w | 1.31 (1.09–1.72)x | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mEq/l, median (IQR) | 3.8 (3.4–4.4)y | 4.4 (3.8–5.3)z | <0.001 |
| Phosphate, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 5.6 (4.0–7.1)aa | 7.6 (6.1–9.5)ab | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl, median (IQR) | 14.6 (13.2–15.7)ac | 12.7 (10.9–14.3)ad | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dl, median (IQR) | 239 (182–295)ae | 266 (194–345)af | <0.001 |
| SOFA score on first day, median (IQR) | 9 (7–11)ag | 12 (10–14)ah | <0.001 |
| Target temperature of TTM, °C, median (IQR) | 33.0 (33.0–34.5) | 33.0 (33.0–34.0) | 0.542 |
| Duration of TTM, h, median (IQR) | 24 (24–24) | 24 (24–24) | 0.008 |
| ECMO, N (%) | 20 (5.6) | 37 (4.6) | 0.555 |
| Coronary angiography, N (%) | 241 (67.5) | 159 (19.7) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrest-specific prognostication scores | |||
| PROLOGUE (predicted poor outcome probability), median (IQR) | 0.224 (0.068–0.569)ai | 0.953 (0.829–0.985)aj | <0.001 |
| OHCA score, median (IQR) | 18.99 (8.34–31.09)ak | 42.02 (31.69–52.54)al | <0.001 |
| CAHP score, median (IQR) | 117.80 (99.09–149.32)am | 203.18 (173.33–232.58)an | <0.001 |
| C-GRApH score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–2)ao | 3 (2–3)ap | <0.001 |
| TTM risk score, median (IQR) | 8 (6–12)aq | 18 (15–22)ar | <0.001 |
| Prediction score by Aschauer et al., median (IQR) | 12 (7–22)as | 34 (26–42)at | <0.001 |
| 5-R score, median (IQR) | 6 (5–7)au | 3 (2–4)av | <0.001 |
| NULL-PLEASE score, median (IQR) | 2 (1–4)aw | 7 (5–9)ax | <0.001 |
| SR-QOLl score, median (IQR) | 44.0 (30.0–53.0)ay | 28.0 (16.0–39.5)az | <0.001 |
| Cardiac arrest survival score, median (IQR) | 2.5 (0–6.5)ba | 10.5 (8.0–14.5)bb | <0.001 |
| rCAST score, median (IQR) | 6.0 (3.0–9.0)bc | 13.0 (10.0–15.5)bd | <0.001 |
| PHR risk score, median (IQR) | -0.51 (-7.85–5.44)be | 16.86(8.06–22.44)bf | <0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ROSC, restoration of spontaneous circulation; ICU, intensive care unit; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; PaCO2, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide; PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TTM, targeted temperature management; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; PROLOGUE, PROgnostication using LOGistic regression model for Unselected adult cardiac arrest patients in the Early stages; OHCA, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; CAHP, cardiac arrest hospital prognosis; SR-QOLl, Serbian quality of life long-term; rCAST, revised post-cardiac arrest syndrome for therapeutic hypothermia; PHR, Polish hypothermia registry. Missing data;
a N = 1;
b N = 13;
c N = 6;
d N = 14;
e N = 14;
f N = 18;
g N = 9;
h N = 17;
i N = 10;
j N = 19;
k N = 3;
l N = 3;
m N = 45;
n N = 79;
o N = 7;
p N = 35;
q N = 6;
r N = 35;
s N = 18;
t N = 52;
u N = 15;
v N = 24;
w N = 47;
x N = 80;
y N = 46;
z N = 80;
aa N = 80;
ab N = 162;
ac N = 45;
ad N = 79;
ae N = 2;
af N = 2;
ag N = 14;
ah N = 20;
ai N = 102;
aj N = 217;
ak N = 66;
al N = 117;
am N = 39;
an N = 85;
ao N = 22;
ap N = 54;
aq N = 73;
ar N = 145;
as N = 23;
at N = 32;
au N = 58;
av N = 97;
aw N = 37;
ax N = 85;
ay N = 20;
az N = 40;
ba N = 29;
bb N = 53;
bc N = 35;
bd N = 77;
be N = 15;
bf N = 30.