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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Res Crime Delinq. 2021 Mar 24;58(6):710–754. doi: 10.1177/00224278211001566

Table 1.

Prison entry rates by race, gender, and exit type, full sample

Overalla Aged outb Adoptedc Reunifiedd Guardianship/ permanent relative placemente Detainedc AWOLc
Total 12.95% 8.64% 3.19% 13.16% 6.99% 48.22% 19.13%
Male 21.23% 15.80% 6.10% 20.83% 12.33% 54.15% 37.32%
Female 2.41% 1.64% 0.00% 2.12% 1.85% 20.31% 5.53%
White 9.71% 7.51% 0.79% 10.03% 4.37% 41.18% 19.39%
Black 18.83% 11.10% 7.89% 20.97% 9.97% 51.67% 19.30%
Hispanic 12.72% 7.47% 3.22% 13.43% 5.83% 44.00% 10.96%
Native American 15.79% 7.43% + 14.68% 12.79% + 28.99%
Other 6.52% 2.86% + 7.97% + + +
Observations 11,996 2,291 251 7,370 1,055 365 664
Percent of sample -- 19.10% 2.09% 61.44% 8.79% 3.04% 5.54%

Note: Full-sample differences by exit type (first row) were statistically significant at p<.01. All gender comparisons by exit type (second and third rows) were statistically significant at p<.01.

+

Group contains fewer than 30 observations; results not reported.

a

Rates of prison entry significantly differ at p<.01 for Black versus white, Hispanic, and ‘other’ race/ethnicity; Hispanic versus white, Black, and ‘other’ race/ethnicity race; and Native Americans compared with white, and ‘other’ race/ethnicity.

b

Rates of prison entry significantly differ at p<.01 for Black versus white and ‘other’ race/ethnicity youth.

c

No significant differences in rates of prison entry at p<.01.

d

Rates of prison entry significantly differ at p<.01 for Black versus all other groups and Native Americans versus white, Black, and ‘other’ race/ethnicity youth.

e

Rates of prison entry significantly differ at p<.01 for Black youth versus white youth.