Table 5.
Pre- Foster Care and Post-Reunification Environments by Race (Reunification Sample only): Mean(SD) or %
| White | Black | Hispanic | Native American | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before Most Recent Removal | ||||
| CPS Reports: 2004 to Removal | ||||
| Total reportsa,d,e | 1.09 (1.63) | 1.41 (1.88) | 1.14 (1.59) | 1.08 (1.54) |
| Any reportsa,d,e | 51% | 60% | 53% | 51% |
| Emotional Maltreatmenta | 3% | 1% | 2% | 2% |
| Physical abusea,e | 26% | 32% | 28% | 25% |
| Sexual abusea,e | 19% | 16% | 18% | 20% |
| Neglecta,d,e | 25% | 37% | 26% | 25% |
| Mother: Between child’s birth and removal | ||||
| Average quarterly wages (1,000s)a,b,c | 2.68 (3.01) | 1.69 (2.37) | 1.86 (2.92) | 1.91 (2.23) |
| Quarters with employmenta,b,c,e,f | 0.52 (.32) | 0.38 (.31) | 0.39 (.31) | 0.45 (.29) |
| Ever on TANFa,c,d,f | 56% | 79% | 60% | 75% |
| Proportion months on TANFa,b,c,d,e | 0.08 (.11) | 0.20 (.19) | 0.13 (.17) | 0.13 (.13) |
| Ever on food assistancea,c,d,f | 77% | 93% | 77% | 91% |
| Proportion months on food assistancea,b,c,d,e | 0.24 (.24) | 0.50 (.31) | 0.34 (.31) | 0.36 (.27) |
| Ever in prisona,d,e | 2% | 8% | 3% | 4% |
| Father: Between child’s birth and removal (if available) | ||||
| Father not identifieda,b,e,f | 5% | 14% | 13% | 7% |
| Average quarterly wages (1,000s)a,b,c,d,e,f | 4.89 (5.54) | 1.76 (3.86) | 3.25 (4.57) | 2.52 (3.24) |
| Quarters with employmenta,b,c,d,e | 0.55 (.36) | 0.31 (.31) | 0.41 (.36) | 0.43 (.33) |
| Ever on food assistancea,b,c,d,f | 57% | 64% | 51% | 68% |
| Proportion months on food assistancea,c,d,f | 0.09 (.15) | 0.11 (.15) | 0.09 (.15) | 0.12 (.17) |
| Ever in prisona,b,c,d,e,f | 19% | 51% | 32% | 33% |
| Post-Reunification | ||||
| CPS reports: between reunification and 18th birthday | ||||
| Total reportsa,e,f | 0.20 (.62) | 0.29 (.77) | 0.27 (.74) | 0.17 (.53) |
| Any reportsa,e | 14% | 18% | 17% | 12% |
| Emotional Maltreatment | 1% | 0% | 1% | 0% |
| Physical abusea,b,e,f | 5% | 9% | 8% | 4% |
| Sexual abuse | 5% | 4% | 5% | 4% |
| Neglecta,e | 7% | 11% | 9% | 6% |
| Mother: between reunification and 18th birthday | ||||
| Average quarterly wages (1,000s)a,b,c | 3.09 (4.32) | 2.12 (3.57) | 2.40 (4.44) | 2.18 (3.29) |
| Quarters with employmenta,b,c | 0.51 (.45) | 0.40 (.43) | 0.42 (.44) | 0.42 (.43) |
| Ever on TANFa,b,d,e | 5% | 15% | 8% | 7% |
| Proportion months on TANFa,b,d,e | 0.02 (.10) | 0.06 (.19) | 0.03 (.13) | 0.03 (.13) |
| Ever on food assistancea,b,c,d,e | 51% | 76% | 58% | 63% |
| Proportion months on food assistancea,b,c,d,e | 0.35 (.42) | 0.61 (.42) | 0.44 (.44) | 0.45 (.43) |
| Ever in prison | 1% | 2% | 1% | 1% |
| Father (if available): between reunification and 18th birthday | ||||
| Average quarterly wages (1,000s)a,b,c,d,e | 4.30 (6.28) | 1.52 (4.29) | 2.88 (5.73) | 2.20 (3.95) |
| Quarters with employmenta,b,c,d,e | 0.44 (.45) | 0.23 (.36) | 0.33 (.42) | 0.31 (.41) |
| Ever on food assistancea,d,e | 29% | 43% | 31% | 34% |
| Proportion months on food assistancea,d,e | 0.17 (.32) | 0.27 (.37) | 0.20 (.35) | 0.21 (.35) |
| Ever in prisona,d,e | 5% | 13% | 6% | 6% |
Key for group differences in means/proportions:
a
White significantly differs from Black at p<.01;
b
White significantly differs from Hispanic at p<.01;
c
White significantly differs from Native American at p<.01;
d
Black significantly differs from Hispanic at p<.01;
e
Black significantly differs from Native American at p<.01;
f
Hispanic significantly differs from Native American at p<.01