No Controls		All Controls		CPS Only		Race interaction
	HR	95% Conf. Int.	HR	95% Conf. Int.	HR	95% Conf. Int.	HR	95% Conf. Int.
Exit type (reference = Aged out)
Reunified	1.46***	[1.25–1.72]	1.72***	[1.42–2.07]	1.85***	[1.42–2.42]	1.27	[0.97–1.66]
Guardianship/permanent relative placement	0.86	[0.64–1.14]	1.25	[0.92–1.70]	0.92	[0.56–1.52]	0.81	[0.47–1.38]
Child Characteristics
Race (Reference = White)
Black			2.10***	[1.76–2.50]	1.99***	[1.49–2.65]	1.44*	[1.01–2.05]
Hispanic			1.38**	[1.10–1.72]	1.60*	[1.11–2.31]
American Indian			1.42**	[1.11–1.81]	1.53*	[1.01–2.32]
Other			1.13	[0.66–1.92]	0.90	[0.28–2.86]
Age at first OHC episode			1.01	[0.98–1.03]	0.98	[0.95–1.01]	1.00	[0.98–1.03]
Received SSI as child			0.98	[0.85–1.13]	0.91	[0.73–1.13]	0.92	[0.79–1.08]
Birth year (reference =1987–1989)
1990–1992			0.87	[0.73–1.04]	1.17	[0.76–1.81]	0.82*	[0.68–1.00]
1993–1995			0.94	[0.78–1.13]	1.26	[0.81–1.93]	0.91	[0.74–1.12]
1996–1997			0.89	[0.68–1.16]	1.26	[0.76–2.07]	0.80	[0.60–1.09]
CPS history before last removal (reference = no known abuse or neglect) b
Neglect only			0.67**	[0.53–0.86]	[reference]		0.68**	[0.52–0.89]
Physical or emotional abuse only			1.12	[0.91–1.37]	1.69***	[1.28–2.24]	1.04	[0.83–1.32]
Sexual abuse only			1.18	[0.87–1.60]	1.75**	[1.20–2.55]	0.99	[0.69–1.42]
Multiple types			0.99	[0.75–1.32]	1.46**	[1.10–1.95]	1.02	[0.75–1.39]
Total reports			0.99	[0.93–1.06]	0.99	[0.92–1.06]	1.00	[0.93–1.07]
Birth Family Characteristics
Mother’s age at first birth			0.97***	[0.96–0.99]	0.96**	[0.94–0.99]	0.97**	[0.96–0.99]
Child’s birth status (reference =marital birth)
Nonmarital birth			1.09	[0.93–1.28]	1.18	[0.91–1.54]	1.16	[0.97–1.39]
Birth status unknown			0.87	[0.70–1.07]	0.81	[0.54–1.22]	1.01	[0.80–1.28]
Biological family exposures between birth and last removal:
Percent months mother received food assistance			0.94	[0.71–1.25]	1.21	[0.78–1.87]	0.86	[0.62–1.18]
Mother’s average quarterly wages			1.00	[0.96–1.04]	1.03	[0.96–1.10]	1.00	[0.96–1.04]
Mother’s percent quarters employed			1.10	[0.79–1.53]	0.86	[0.50–1.46]	1.02	[0.71–1.46]
Mother received cash assistance			1.08	[0.91–1.28]	1.09	[0.83–1.43]	1.01	[0.84–1.22]
Mother incarcerated			1.16	[0.91–1.49]	1.04	[0.73–1.50]	1.10	[0.84–1.44]
Father incarcerated			1.18*	[1.01–1.38]	1.08	[0.85–1.36]	1.28**	[1.08–1.52]
Father incarceration unknown (father not identified)			1.12	[0.89–1.41]	1.11	[0.74–1.67]	1.06	[0.82–1.36]
Foster Care Characteristics
Logged time in care			0.99	[0.93–1.06]	0.96	[0.86–1.07]	0.98	[0.91–1.05]
Pct. time in kin setting			0.73*	[0.56–0.94]	0.67*	[0.47–0.96]	0.78	[0.59–1.03]
Pct. time in congregate setting			1.44***	[1.21–1.72]	1.61**	[1.19–2.17]	1.43***	[1.17–1.75]
History of placement in detention			1.95***	[1.68–2.26]	2.16***	[1.70–2.75]	1.93***	[1.63–2.28]
History of temporary/shelter placements			0.98	[0.85–1.14]	1.06	[0.85–1.34]	0.96	[0.82–1.14]
Number of OHC episodes			1.08*	[1.01–1.14]	1.02	[0.91–1.14]	1.10**	[1.03–1.17]
Number of OHC placements			1.01	[0.99–1.03]	1.02	[0.99–1.04]	1.01	[0.99–1.03]
Race * Exit Type
Reunified*Black							1.61*	[1.12–2.31]
Guardianship/Permanent relative placement* Black							1.84	[0.94–3.60]
Observations	6000		6000		2689		4922