M1		M2		M3		M4		M5 (Sample with known CPS history)		M6 (Race-Exit Interaction)
	OR	95% Conf. Int.	AOR	95% Conf. Int.	AOR	95% Conf. Int.	AOR	95% Conf. Int.	AOR	95% Conf. Int.	AOR	95% Conf. Int.
Exit type (Reference = Aged out)
Reunifieda	1.60***	[1.36–1.88]	1.62***	[1.35–1.94]	1.61***	[1.34–1.93]	1.92***	[1.55–2.36]	2.18***	[1.62–2.92]	1.37*	[1.03–1.83]
Guardianship/permanent relative placement	0.80	[0.60–1.05]	0.87	[0.65–1.17]	0.82	[0.61–1.10]	1.41*	[1.02–1.96]	1.22	[0.74–2.01]	1.02	[0.61–1.71]
Child Characteristics
Race (Reference = White)
Black			2.50***	[2.09–2.99]	2.22***	[1.83–2.69]	2.17***	[1.78–2.64]	1.94***	[1.41–2.66]	1.39	[0.95–2.05]
Hispanic			1.34*	[1.05–1.71]	1.32*	[1.03–1.68]	1.29*	[1.00–1.66]	1.42	[0.95–2.12]		-
American Indian			1.84***	[1.41–2.40]	1.67***	[1.27–2.18]	1.51**	[1.14–1.99]	1.60*	[1.02–2.51]		-
Other			0.82	[0.47–1.44]	0.86	[0.49–1.52]	1.02	[0.57–1.81]	0.60	[0.18–2.02]		-
Age at first OHC episode			0.98	[0.97–1.00]	0.99	[0.97–1.01]	1.01	[0.99–1.04]	1.00	[0.97–1.04]	1.01	[0.98–1.04]
Received SSI as child			1.10	[0.94–1.30]	1.08	[0.92–1.27]	0.96	[0.81–1.14]	0.88	[0.69–1.13]	0.91	[0.76–1.10]
Female			0.08***	[0.06–0.10]	0.08***	[0.06–0.10]	0.08***	[0.07–0.10]	0.07***	[0.05–0.10]	0.09***	[0.07–0.11]
Birth year (reference =1987–1989)
1990–1992			0.83	[0.68–1.00]	0.83	[0.68–1.00]	0.86	[0.71–1.05]	1.08	[0.70–1.69]	0.82	[0.66–1.02]
1993–1995			0.72**	[0.59–0.89]	0.73**	[0.59–0.89]	0.81	[0.65–1.00]	1.05	[0.67–1.64]	0.81	[0.64–1.03]
1996–1997			0.30***	[0.23–0.39]	0.31***	[0.23–0.41]	0.35***	[0.26–0.47]	0.44**	[0.27–0.74]	0.34***	[0.24–0.46]
CPS history before last removal (reference = no known abuse or neglect) b
Neglect only			0.54***	[0.42–0.69]	0.52***	[0.40–0.67]	0.64***	[0.49–0.83]			0.65**	[0.49–0.87]
Physical or emotional abuse only			1.05	[0.84–1.31]	1.03	[0.82–1.29]	1.13	[0.89–1.42]	1.79***	[1.31–2.43]	1.00	[0.77–1.30]
Sexual abuse only			1.10	[0.80–1.52]	1.06	[0.77–1.47]	1.00	[0.71–1.39]	1.58*	[1.05–2.37]	0.88	[0.61–1.29]
Multiple types			0.95	[0.71–1.27]	0.92	[0.69–1.24]	0.99	[0.73–1.33]	1.54**	[1.13–2.09]	0.99	[0.71–1.38]
Total reports			1.01	[0.94–1.08]	1.01	[0.94–1.08]	0.98	[0.91–1.05]	0.97	[0.90–1.04]	0.98	[0.91–1.06]
Birth Family Characteristics
Mother’s age at first birth					0.97**	[0.96–0.99]	0.97***	[0.96–0.99]	0.97*	[0.94–0.99]	0.97**	[0.95–0.99]
Child’s birth status (reference =marital birth)
Nonmarital birth					1.11	[0.94–1.32]	1.12	[0.94–1.34]	1.19	[0.90–1.59]	1.18	[0.97–1.45]
Birth status unknown					0.90	[0.72–1.12]	0.87	[0.69–1.10]	0.84	[0.55–1.29]	1.03	[0.80–1.33]
Biological family exposures between birth and last removal:
Percent months mother received food assistance					0.88	[0.65–1.20]	0.93	[0.68–1.28]	1.26	[0.79–2.02]	0.83	[0.58–1.18]
Mother’s average quarterly wages					1.00	[0.96–1.04]	1.00	[0.96–1.04]	1.03	[0.96–1.11]	1.01	[0.96–1.05]
Mother’s percent quarters employed					1.11	[0.79–1.56]	1.10	[0.78–1.57]	0.91	[0.52–1.60]	1.00	[0.68–1.48]
Mother received cash assistance					1.12	[0.93–1.35]	1.11	[0.92–1.34]	1.16	[0.86–1.56]	1.07	[0.87–1.32]
Mother incarcerated					1.35*	[1.02–1.78]	1.30	[0.98–1.73]	1.00	[0.67–1.51]	1.29	[0.94–1.76]
Father incarcerated					1.21*	[1.02–1.44]	1.19	[1.00–1.42]	1.09	[0.84–1.41]	1.28*	[1.05–1.56]
Father incarceration unknown (father not identified)					1.16	[0.90–1.49]	1.18	[0.91–1.53]	1.16	[0.75–1.79]	1.11	[0.83–1.48]
Foster Care Characteristics
Logged time in care							1.00	[0.93–1.07]	0.96	[0.86–1.08]	0.97	[0.89–1.05]
Pct. time in kin setting							0.68**	[0.52–0.89]	0.60**	[0.41–0.88]	0.71*	[0.53–0.96]
Pct. time in congregate setting							1.57***	[1.29–1.92]	1.64**	[1.18–2.28]	1.50***	[1.20–1.87]
History of placement in detention							2.20***	[1.85–2.61]	2.47***	[1.89–3.23]	2.21***	[1.82–2.68]
History of temporary/shelter placements							1.01	[0.85–1.19]	1.10	[0.85–1.41]	0.97	[0.80–1.16]
Number of OHC episodes							1.08*	[1.01–1.16]	1.06	[0.94–1.18]	1.10**	[1.03–1.19]
Number of OHC placements							1.03**	[1.01–1.06]	1.04**	[1.02–1.07]	1.04**	[1.01–1.06]
Interactions
Reunified * Black											1.75**	[1.18–2.60]
Guardianship/Permanent relative placement * Black											1.53	[0.77–3.03]
Constant	0.09***	[0.08–0.11]	0.07***	[0.02–0.33]	0.10**	[0.02–0.48]	0.03***	[0.01–0.19]	0.05*	[0.00–0.61]	0.07**	[0.01–0.39]
Observations	10716			10716			10716		5726		8636

AOR = adjusted odds ratios (exponentiated coefficients). County fixed effects included; coefficients not shown. SSI=supplemental security income. CPS=Child protective services. OHC= Out-of-home care

^aCoefficients for reunified and guardianship/permanent relative placement significantly differ in Models 1, 2 and 3 at p<.001

^bReference group for CPS history in Model 5 is “Neglect only”.

^*p<.05

^**p<.01

^***p<.001