Table 1.

Evolution of policies and program within states under common national program framework

Programs	CHHATTISGARH	GUJARAT	ODISHA	TAMIL NADU
Health and nutrition programs	2002: Establish State Health Resource Centre (SOCHARA, 2005) 2002: Mitanin (a friend) – volunteer health worker program (SOCHARA, 2005) 2012: Caregiver managed daycare centers (Garg, 2014)	2001/2002: ICDS shifted to the Department of Women and Child development 2005: Public–private partnership model to strengthen service delivery 2007: Synchronization of departmental boundaries to ensure convergence of services	2003–2004: Odisha Health Vision 2010 2004: Positive deviance approach 2008: Fee transportation for pregnant women 2009: Adopted modified version of national fixed-day guidelines 2010: Chief Minister’s nutrition council set up to facilitate convergence(Mohmand, 2012) 2011: Mamata Abhiyaan: Maternity benefits program 2011: Decentralization of food supplementation	1980–1997: Tamil Nadu Integrated Nutrition Project 1982: Non-meal program 1995: Pulse polio campaign – Polio free in 2004 2003: Malnutrition-free Tamil Nadu –Multi-sectoral strategy 2005: Tamil Nadu health systems development project to reach marginalized and tribal population 2006: Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy Maternity Benefit Scheme 2008: Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care
Economy	•Poverty reduction slower than other states (World Bank, 2016a) •40% population below poverty line in 2012 •Rapid job growth in construction and service sectors (2005–2012)	•Significant progress in poverty reduction after 2005 •Improvements in forestry and logging, manufacturing, electricity, gas and water supply, transport, storage, trade and hotels •17% population below poverty line in 2012	•Poverty declined sharply after 2005 and was the fastest decline in the country •33% population below poverty line in 2012 •Poverty reduction faster than in other low-income states	•Fastest growing economy after 2005 •Per capita income doubled between 2004 and 2013 •Improvements in service sector •17% population below poverty line in 2012
Food security	2001: Allowed private participation for distributing subsidized commodities 2002: Direct procurement of rice from farmers 2004: De-privatization of private fair price shops to curb operational irregularities 2007: Reduced the food grain price to below the central issue price(Krishnamurthy et al., 2014) 2007: Chief Minister’s Food Assistance Scheme to increase the number of people entitled to the subsidized food program beyond the national program mandate 2012: Portable smart card system to facilitate access to subsidized grains from any shop within a city 2012: First state in India to pass the Food Security Act (Tillin et al., 2016)	•Implemented national PDS program	2003: Decentralized procurement to ensure price benefits to farmers 2008: Subsidized rice at two rupees INR per kilogram 2008: Supply chain computerized 2013: Reduced the rice price to one rupee INR per kilogram	•Universal PDS
Sanitation	•Implemented campaigns to raise awareness about sanitation •Community approach to total sanitation	•2005: Implemented Total Sanitation Campaign •2006: Sanitation given prominence on state platform with a live broadcast of messaging by the state leadership to all villages in the state •State set a goal to cover all households by 2010 •Implemented awareness generations campaigns •Political leadership at the state level for sanitation	•Implemented national programs	•1999–2004: Implemented Total Sanitation Campaign in all districts •2012: Set a goal to eliminate open defecation by 2015 •2012: Envisioned coverage of all towns by underground sewerage system by 2017
Women’s education	•2003: National Programme for Education of Girls at the Elementary level (distinct component of universal education program) •2004: Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV); reach out to girls in marginalized social group, enrolment in grade 5 •2004: Saraswati Bicycle Supply Scheme •Construction of toilets for girls	•2002– 2005: Girls enrolling in first grade receive a bond for 1000 INR, and then receive bond plus interest upon completing 7th grade •2005: Community awareness rally and campaign for girls’ education) in villages with less than 35% female literacy rate to increase enrolment •Residential schools for holistic development and life skill development of girls from •disadvantaged communities •2005–06: Life insurance program for each primary school student (85 lakhs), initiated after loss of children's lives in the 2001 Gujarat earthquake •Construction of School Sanitary Complexes •2004–2005: Computer education scheme in primary education, computer •2012–13: Supplementary nutrition provided to all primary school children •2013–14: Special training programme for out of school children	•Multiple initiatives until 2016 for education including self-defense program for girls, establishment of high schools	•1997–2002: Followed a 'package approach' to improve women's education (providing a package of concessions in the form of free supply of books, uniform, boarding and lodging, clothing for hostilities, mid-day meals, scholarships, free by-cycles) •2011: Marriage Assistance Scheme
Women-centric programs		•2004: Gender resource center	•2001: Self-help group program- Mission Shakti •2011: Reservation for women in local governance (Panchayati Raj Institution) increased from 33 to 55%	•1992: Cradle baby scheme •1997: Women’s groups

ICDS: Integrated Child Development Services, PDS: Public distribution system, INR: Indian Rupee