Figure 2. Causal estimates for Mendelian randomization analyses using the CAUSE, inverse-variance-weighted (IVW), weighted median, and weighted mode methods.

Median causal estimates for Mendelian randomization analyses using the CAUSE method are shown in the left panel and mean causal estimates from the inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median (Wmedian) and weighted mode (Wmode) methods are shown in the right panel after outlier removal and accounting for horizontal pleiotropy. A diamond (♢) in the estimate for CAUSE indicates that the sharing model fit the data better than the causal model, that is that the association between the traits was more likely to be explained by horizontal correlated pleiotropy than causality. PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index. Figure icons were created with BioRender.com.