Table 4.

Blood biomarkers with significant difference among athletes and young adults before and after adjusting dietary status.

	Non-adjusted model				Dietary status adjusted modelΨ
Blood parameters	Athlete group	HPA group	LPA group		Athlete group	HPA group	LPA group
	(n = 22)	(n = 22)	(n = 22)		(n = 22)	(n = 22)	(n =22)
	Mean ±SEM	Mean ±SEM	Mean ±SEM	p-value	Mean ±SEM	Mean ±SEM	Mean ±SEM	p-value
White body cell, (109/L)†	4.96 ± 0.20	5.53 ± 0.23	6.45 ± 0.41*	0.014	5.18 ± 0.34	5.57 ± 0.32	6.19 ± 0.33	0.148
Basophils, (109/L)†	0.027 ± 0.002	0.039 ± 0.003*	0.034 ± 0.003	0.022	0.028 ± 0.003	0.038 ± 0.003*	0.034 ± 0.003	0.111
Eosinophils, (109/L)†	0.136 ± 0.020	0.136 ± 0.015	0.142 ± 0.019	0.886	0.130 ± 0.022	0.141 ± 0.020	0.144 ± 0.021	0.902
Neutrophils, (109/L)‡	2.30 ± 0.15	2.93 ± 0.18*	3.32 ± 0.27*	0.004	2.46 ± 0.23	2.94 ± 0.22	3.15 ± 0.23	0.147
Lymphocytes, (109/L)†	2.19 ± 0.10	2.10 ± 0.10	2.62 ± 0.17	0.062	2.25 ± 0.15	2.13 ± 0.14	2.54 ± 0.15	0.151
Monocytes, (109/L)‡	0.303 ± 0.016	0.326 ± 0.022	0.343 ± 0.023	0.392	0.311 ± 0.024	0.330 ± 0.022	0.331 ± 0.023	0.818
Immunoglobulin G, (g/L)‡	11.29 ± 0.26	12.07 ± 0.37	11.97 ± 0.47	0.285	11.18 ± 0.44	12.14 ± 0.41	12.00 ± 0.43	0.279
Immunoglobulin M, (g/L)‡	1.46 ± 0.09	1.34 ± 0.09	1.52 ± 0.12	0.412	1.46 ± 0.12	1.34 ± 0.11	1.53 ± 0.12	0.490
C-reactive protein, (g/L)†	0.81 ± 0.22	1.14 ± 0.53	0.74 ± 0.10	0.122	0.97 ± 0.39	1.27 ± 0.37	0.45 ± 0.39	0.324

HPA, high physical activity; LPA, low physical activity; SEM, Standard error of the mean.

^*p < 0.05 when HPA or LPA group compared with Athlete group.

^†Kruskal–Wallis test in non-adjusted model;

^‡One-way analysis of variance in non-adjusted model;

^ΨAnalysis of covariance in dietary status adjusted model.