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. 2022 Mar 4;90(2):166–175. doi: 10.1007/s00239-022-10049-1

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Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of exaptive/adaptive processes in which changes in shape represent adaptation, while changes in color represent exaptation. Exaptive/adaptive processes during evolution of (a) the mitochondrion, (b) bone, (c) the cilium, (d) tRNA, and (e) GAPDH. In several cases the specific ordering of the exapted/adapted species is tentative. This schematic is not intended to indicate that these processes share a common timeline or occur in a consequential order rather than in parallel. Both serial (recursive) and parallel exaptive/adaptive processes are included. The Schimmel minihelix is described in (Schimmel and de Pouplana 1995)