Table 3.

Random-effects model estimation of odds ratio for different variables on 36 selected Sub- Saharan African countries.

Country(s)	Wealth index OR [95% CI]	Respondent’s education OR [95% CI]	Husband’s education OR [95% CI]	Place of residence OR [95% CI]
Angola 2015–2016	4.13 [3.13; 5.45]	3.86 [2.48; 6.01]	0.98 [0.71; 1.34]	4.74 [3.21; 7.01]
Benin 2017–2018	3.72 [3.04; 4.54]	2.71 [2.24; 3.28]	3.06 [2.49; 3.75]	2.49 [2.05; 3.01]
Burkina Faso 2010	4.43 [3.32; 5.92]	3.53 [2.70; 4.62]	3.21 [2.46; 4.18]	6.31 [4.84; 8.22]
Burundi 2016–2017	2.94 [2.42; 3.57]	1.72 [1.41; 2.10]	1.90 [1.53; 2.36]	5.02 [4.04; 6.25]
Cameroon 2018	5.31 [3.84; 7.35]	10.13 [4.98; 20.62]	3.84 [2.26; 6.53]	3.96 [2.84; 5.53]
Chad 2014–2015	2.27 [1.64; 3.13]	2.46 [1.78; 3.39]	3.15 [2.24; 4.45]	5.44 [3.94; 7.52]
Comoros 2012	2.14[1.59; 2.87]	2.61 [1.85; 3.69]	2.82 [1.93; 4.12]	1.58 [1.17; 2.12]
Congo Democratic Republic 2013–2014	2.21 [1.87; 2.62]	1.05 [0.84; 1.31]	0.63 [0.48; 0.83]	1.87 [1.58; 2.22]
Congo 2011–2012	2.50 [1.98; 3.15]	2.13 [1.12; 4.05]	3.86 [1.22; 12.15]	2.90 [2.15; 3.92]
Cote d'Ivoire 2011–2012	6.08 [4.03; 9.17]	2.90 [2.02; 4.16]	2.37 [1.63; 3.44]	4.99 [3.32; 7.49]
Eswatini 2006–2007	1.30 [0.89; 1.90]	2.83 [1.13; 7.06]	1.79 [0.92; 3.49]	1.27 [0.84; 1.92]
Ethiopia-2016	5.83 [4.07; 8.36]	6.59 [4.52; 9.61]	4.66 [3.08; 7.07]	14.48 [10.42; 20.13]
Gabon 2012	2.86 [2.24; 3.66]	0.91 [0.59; 1.41]	2.28 [1.26; 4.14]	1.78 [1.19; 2.67]
Gambia 2013	2.35 [1.62; 3.41]	1.48 [1.03; 2.13]	1.61 [1.12; 2.31]	2.33 [1.57; 3.45]
Ghana 2014	3.79 [3.11; 4.62]	3.09 [2.35; 4.05]	3.71 [2.67; 5.16]	2.69 [2.21; 3.28]
Guinea 2018	4.59 [3.24; 6.51]	2.98 [2.15; 4.13]	2.19 [1.58; 3.03]	4.77 [3.41; 6.68]
Kenya 2014	3.37 [2.79; 4.06]	4.61 [2.74; 7.75]	4.72 [2.58; 8.64]	2.53 [2.12; 3.02]
Lesotho 2014	2.14 [1.63; 2.82]	2.09 [0.28; 15.72]	3.03 [1.67; 5.49]	1.60 [1.21; 2.12]
Liberia 2013	2.63 [1.86; 3.71]	1.84 [1.30; 2.59]	1.54 [1.01; 2.34]	2.40 [1.73; 3.34]
Madagascar 2008–09	8.71 [5.58; 13.58]	6.57 [2.89; 14.93]	7.27 [2.97; 17.80]	6.83 [4.83; 9.65]
Malawi 2015–16	2.64 [2.26; 3.08]	2.22 [1.62; 3.04]	1.71 [1.24; 2.34]	2.49 [2.09; 2.96]
Mali 2018	2.48 [1.84; 3.33]	1.75 [1.30; 2.36]	2.56 [1.91; 3.43]	2.77 [2.05; 3.73]
Mozambique 2011	4.48 [3.47; 5.78]	3.23 [2.34; 4.46]	1.99 [1.44; 2.75]	4.07 [3.21; 5.18]
Namibia 2013	5.04 [3.83; 6.64]	2.55 [1.32; 4.92]	2.35 [1.43; 3.86]	3.68 [2.74; 4.94]
Niger 2012	1.81 [0.81; 4.04]	3.38 [1.88; 6.05]	0.56 [0.13; 2.32]	6.78 [3.60; 12.78]
Nigeria 2018	7.31 [6.03; 8.87]	8.17 [6.29; 10.61]	9.74 [6.98; 13.59]	4.36 [3.66; 5.20]
Rwanda 2014–15	2.26 [1.93; 2.66]	1.78 [1.37; 2.31]	1.46 [1.15; 1.84]	2.31 [1.93; 2.78]
Sao Tome and Principe 2008–09	1.24 [0.72; 2.13]	1.26 [0.49; 3.22]	3.91 [1.45; 10.56]	2.01 [1.24; 3.25]
Senegal 2010–11	4.52 [3.68; 5.55]	2.97 [2.45; 3.59]	3.32 [2.74; 4.03]	4.24 [3.44; 5.22]
Sierra Leone 2019	2.53 [1.95; 3.28]	1.38 [1.06; 1.79]	1.37 [1.06; 1.78]	2.57 [1.98; 3.34]
South Africa 2016	3.11 [2.40; 4.03]	2.75 [0.83; 9.18]	2.21 [0.93; 5.26]	1.49 [1.10; 2.02]
Tanzania 2015–2016	3.81 [3.07; 4.74]	2.92 [2.04; 4.17]	2.88 [1.84; 4.50]	3.34 [2.71; 4.10]
Togo 2013–2014	4.31 [3.35; 5.55]	2.53 [1.92; 3.32]	3.79 [2.57; 5.59]	3.54 [2.79; 4.50]
Uganda 2016	3.32 [2.78; 3.96]	1.98 [1.39; 2.83]	1.88 [1.21; 2.94]	2.73 [2.29; 3.26]
Zambia 2018	3.64 [2.84; 4.67]	1.34 [0.86; 2.08]	1.21 [0.71; 2.07]	3.23 [2.53; 4.13]
Zimbabwe 2015	3.48 [2.66; 4.55]	1.63 [0.39; 6.76]	3.62 [0.50; 26.31]	3.59 [2.78; 4.64]
${\mathrm{I}}^2$	87.8% [84.1; 90.6]	88.5% [85.1; 91.1]	89.3% [86.2; 91.7]	90.8% [88.3; 92.8]
${\mathrm{\tau }}^2$	0.1140	0.2268	0.2780	0.1644
95% PI	[1.52; 7.20]	[0.94; 6.95]	[0.84; 6.92]	[1.22; 8.46]

OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, PI prediction interval.