Fig. 2. Association of socio-demographic and clinical characteristics with systemic immune-oncological proteins in Ghanaian (n = 654), AA (n = 374), and EA (n = 454) men without prostate cancer.

The association of the 82 immuno-oncological proteins (as continuous variables) with age, BMI, education, aspirin use, smoking, diabetes, and PSA was assessed in men without prostate cancer using a multivariable linear regression test. P values were adjusted for multiple comparison. An analyte was considered significantly associated with clinical and socio-demographic covariables if the multivariable model yielded a false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05 on the F-statistic. Analytes that did not have a significant association with any of the clinical/sociodemographic variables in at least one of the population groups are not presented in the heatmap. Blue represents a negative association while red represents a positive association. The significance level (FDR-adjusted two-sided P value-based) for each association is color-coded. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. TI  tumor immunity, AA  African American, and EA  European American.