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. 2022 Apr 1;13:1759. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29235-2

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Shown are population differences in the abundance of proteins driving (a) autophagy, (b) apoptosis, (c) chemotaxis, (d) promotion of tumor immunity, (e) suppression of tumor immunity, and (f) vasculature. Heatmaps despict levels of process/pathway-associated proteins in relationship to population group (Ghanaian, AA, EA). Shown to the right are the mean score differences for these processes/pathways among the three population groups. Profiles for Ghanaian (n = 654), AA (n = 374), and EA (n = 454) men without prostate cancer are shown. The process/pathway scores are derived from the average z-scores of all the associated proteins. These scores are shown as violin plots and were compared using two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests. P values were adjusted for multiple comparison. FDR-adjusted P value significance was coded as <0.0001 (****), <0.001 (***), and ≥0.05 (ns). The violin plots represent median values ± IQR. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. TI tumor immunity. FDR False Discovery Rate, AA African American, and EA European American.