Fig. 1. Analysis diagram to estimate the effect of alien animal invasions on zoonosis emergences at the global scale.
The role of alien animal zoonotic hosts was determined by accounting for global change factors (Hx1-x6), environmental factors (Ix7-x9), sampling bias (Jx10,11), spatial autocorrelation (Llat, lon), and a lack of independence among zoonoses by treating pathogen, host order and continent as random factor intercepts (εx14-x16). Thin-plate spline smooths for each predictor variable are designated by S(), and α, β, γ, δ, and Z are constants (α is an intercept and β, γ, δ and Z represent the coefficient estimates of different predictor variables, and ε represents the random effects). Silhouettes were freely obtained from “islide” plug-in (https://www.islide.cc).