Fig. 3. Memory and behavioral data.

Statistical comparisons between monkeys exposed vs. non-exposed (blue and orange bars, respectively) to wildfire smoke prenatally show that, compared to non-exposed animals, those exposed to WFS (a) had significantly poorer performance on a visual recognition memory task (p = .023), b showed significantly more passive behavior (p = .037), c showed significantly more sitting (p = .039), and d showed a significant interaction of exposure condition by sex for stand, (p = .041) (no follow-up comparisons were significant). Overhead bars indicate significant differences. All values shown are means of raw data (except for stand, which was log₁₀-transformed) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI). All values are adjusted for the covariate. Data for b were from the Holding Cage observations, and data for c and d were from the Human Intruder assessment. To the right of the dotted lines are the corresponding values for the full control cohort (mean, 95% CI). Comparison of the overlap in CI between the groups in the target cohort with the control cohort revealed that, for the memory task a, controls showed complete overlap with the exposed animals, but did not overlap with non-exposed animals; neither the control nor non-exposed animals’ CIs included the chance response value of 0.5, however. For passive b, CI of control animals overlaps completely with those from the non-exposed group; there is less overlap with CI in the exposed group for passive. c Controls’ CI overlap completely with those in the non-exposed group, and less completely with the CIs in the exposed group. d CI for control animals overlapped completely with both groups from the target cohort for males, but there was less overlap between controls and exposed females. For the exposed, non-exposed, and control groups, respectively, sample sizes were n = 52, 37, 2381 for visual recognition memory; n = 52, 37, and 2490 for passive; and n = 52, 37, and 2486 for sit and stand. Source data are presented in a Source Data file.