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. 2022 Apr 1;13:1774. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29436-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Statistical comparisons between monkeys exposed vs. non-exposed (blue and orange bars, respectively) to wildfire smoke prenatally show that, compared to non-exposed animals, those exposed to WFS were rated more Gentle (p = .020) and more Slow (p = .006) compared to animals not exposed. Overhead bars indicate significant differences. Mean ratings and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) are shown for Gentle (left panel) and Slow (right panel). All values are adjusted for the covariate. To the right of the dotted lines are the corresponding values for the full control cohort (mean, 95% CI). Comparison of the overlap in CI between the groups in the target cohort with the control cohort revealed that, for Gentle, there was no overlap in CI between controls and exposed animals, but complete overlap for controls and non-exposed animals. For Slow, both exposed and non-exposed animals in the target cohort had CI that were below those of the control cohort’s CI. Sample sizes for both temperament measures were n = 52, 37, and 2483 for exposed, non-exposed, and control groups, respectively. Source data are presented in a Source Data file.