Table 2.
Outcome variables and their changes
| PRE (M ± SD) | POST (M ± SD) | PRE to POST (F, p, η2p, 90% CI, Cohen’s d) | FU (M ± SD) | PRE to FU (F, p, η2p, 90% CI, Cohen’s d) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MBPP | Waitlist | MBPP | Waitlist | MBPP | Waitlist | |||
| SWB-Life satisfaction | 3.87 ± 1.08 | 3.79 ± 1.00 | 4.34 ± 1.21 | 3.83 ± 1.01 | 1.95 (.166, .019, [.000, .082], 0.278) | 4.12 ± 1.19 | 3.78 ± 0.85 | 0.85 (.358, .008, [.000, .060], 0.180) |
| SWB-Positive emotion | 3.12 ± 0.82 | 3.11 ± 0.70 | 3.37 ± 0.83 | 3.09 ± 0.66 | 1.94 (.167, .019, [.000, .082], 0.278) | 3.29 ± 0.78 | 3.24 ± 0.74 | 0.04 (.843, < .001, [.000, .022], 0.039) |
| SWB-Negative emotion | 2.19 ± 0.67 | 2.25 ± 0.68 | 1.93 ± 0.66 | 2.43 ± 0.72 | 5.51 (.021, .051, [.004, .134], 0.464) | 2.01 ± 0.61 | 2.28 ± 0.57 | 1.51 (.221, .015, [.000, .074], 0.247) |
| PWB-Positive Relations | 4.42 ± 0.88 | 4.45 ± 0.84 | 4.43 ± 0.88 | 4.44 ± 0.78 | 0.03 (.958, < .001, [.000, 1.000], 0.010) | 4.34 ± 0.84 | 4.53 ± 0.70 | 0.60 (.441, .006, [.000, .053], 0.155) |
| PWB-Self-Acceptance | 4.05 ± 0.81 | 4.15 ± 0.77 | 4.34 ± 0.90 | 4.02 ± 0.84 | 3.78 (.055, .036, [.000, .111], 0.386) | 4.23 ± 0.87 | 3.97 ± 0.81 | 2.93 (.090, .028, [.000, .098], 0.339) |
| PWB-Autonomy | 3.93 ± 0.80 | 4.08 ± 1.00 | 4.20 ± 0.99 | 4.06 ± 0.86 | 1.55 (.216, .015, [.000, .074], 0.247) | 4.20 ± 0.72 | 4.05 ± 0.84 | 1.77 (.186, .017, [.000, .079], 0.263) |
| PWB-Personal Growth | 5.43 ± 0.58 | 5.39 ± 0.69 | 5.37 ± 0.66 | 5.12 ± 0.70 | 1.47 (.229, .014, [.000, .073], 0.238) | 5.40 ± 0.56 | 5.22 ± 0.69 | 0.61 (.438, .006, [.000, .053], 0.155) |
| PWB-Environment Mastery | 4.04 ± 0.82 | 4.02 ± 0.92 | 4.45 ± 0.88 | 3.97 ± 0.76 | 4.70 (.033, .044, [.002, .123], 0.429) | 4.26 ± 0.77 | 3.97 ± 0.87 | 2.00 (.161, .019, [.000, .083], 0.278) |
| PWB-Purpose in Life | 4.43 ± 0.93 | 4.38 ± 0.94 | 4.55 ± 0.83 | 4.38 ± 0.92 | 0.26 (.613, .003, [.000, .041], 0.110) | 4.46 ± 0.91 | 4.33 ± 0.96 | 0.12 (.730, .001, [.000, .033], 0.063) |
| SOFI-SP | 2.94 ± 0.63 | 2.86 ± 0.70 | 3.34 ± 0.75 | 2.93 ± 0.74 | 2.79 (.098, .027, [.000, .100], 0.333) | 3.15 ± 0.74 | 3.03 ± 0.81 | 0.06 (.812, .001, [.000, .024], 0.063) |
| SOFI-SN | 1.97 ± 0.82 | 1.88 ± 0.73 | 1.60 ± 0.63 | 2.28 ± 0.84 | 12.98 (< .001, .113, [.033, .212], 0.714) | 1.69 ± 0.72 | 2.07 ± 0.76 | 4.91 (.029, .046, [.002, .126], 0.439) |
| SOFI-OP | 3.15 ± 0.60 | 3.07 ± 0.60 | 3.27 ± 0.73 | 3.06 ± 0.75 | 0.41 (.524, .004, [.000, .047], 0.127) | 3.18 ± 0.74 | 3.10 ± 0.69 | < 0.01(.994, < .001, [.000, 1.000], < 0.001) |
| SOFI-ON | 1.84 ± 0.79 | 1.79 ± 0.68 | 1.58 ± 0.61 | 2.03 ± 0.78 | 6.87 (.010, .063, [.008, .150], 0.519) | 1.67 ± 0.57 | 1.87 ± 0.62 | 1.83 (.180, .018, [.000, .080], 0.270) |
| Awareness | 3.42 ± 0.61 | 3.50 ± 0.73 | 3.56 ± 0.75 | 3.39 ± 0.74 | 1.58 (.211, .015, [.000, .075], 0.247) | 3.56 ± 0.62 | 3.46 ± 0.68 | 0.96 (.329, .009, [.000, .062], 0.191) |
| Avoidance | 3.11 ± 0.84 | 3.02 ± 0.82 | 2.67 ± 0.87 | 2.95 ± 0.83 | 2.48 (.118, .024, [.000, .091], 0.314) | 2.67 ± 0.85 | 3.09 ± 0.84 | 5.44 (.022, .051, [.004, .133], 0.464) |
| Self-Compassion | 3.03 ± 0.50 | 3.10 ± 0.48 | 3.30 ± 0.55 | 3.02 ± 0.48 | 5.96 (.016, .055, [.005, .139], 0.482) | 3.32 ± 0.46 | 3.00 ± 0.59 | 6.94 (.010, .064, [.009, .151], 0.523) |
F value in bold indicates statistically significant of α = .05 level
SWB indicates subjective well-being. PWB indicates psychological well-being. SOFI-SP, SOFI-SN, SOFI-OP, and SOFI-ON indicate positive attitudes to self, negative attitudes to self, positive attitudes to others, and negative attitudes to others of Self-Other Four Immeasurables scale, respectively. F tests are time × group interactions and all df = 1, 102.
PRE = pre-intervention, POST = post-intervention, FU = 3-month follow-up
η2p is the Partial Eta Squared. 90% CI indicates the 90% confidence interval for the Partial Eta Squared