Table 3. Multivariate Logistic Regression Results: Adult (Ages 35-50 Years) Prescription Drug Use, Misuse, and Substance Use Disorder Symptoms Adjusting for Covariatesa.
| Variable | AOR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Prescription drug use | Past-year PDM | ≥2 AUD symptoms | |
| AUD | |||
| Participants, No. | 2628 | 2627 | 2624 |
| AUD at age 18 y, symptoms | |||
| No symptoms | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 1.12 (0.76-1.66) | 1.16 (0.82-1.65) | 1.50 (1.15-1.97) |
| 2-3 | 1.33 (1.00-1.77) | 1.39 (1.02-1.87) | 1.69 (1.35-2.12) |
| 4-5 | 1.72 (1.17-2.53) | 1.98 (1.34-2.91) | 2.14 (1.61-2.85) |
| ≥6 | 1.53 (1.05-2.23) | 1.91 (1.33-2.76) | 2.68 (2.00-3.60) |
| Age, y | |||
| 35 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 40 | 1.26 (1.03-1.55) | 1.25 (0.99-1.57) | 0.74 (0.65-0.83) |
| 45 | 1.64 (1.34-2.02) | 1.59 (1.28-1.98) | 0.72 (0.63-0.82) |
| 50 | 1.89 (1.53-2.34) | 1.52 (1.18-1.96) | 0.59 (0.51-0.69) |
| AUD at age 18 yb | |||
| Linear trend (AUD) | 1.06 (1.02-1.10) | 1.08 (1.04-1.12) | 1.13 (1.09-1.16) |
| Linear trend (age) | 1.24 (1.16-1.32) | 1.16 (1.07-1.25) | 0.85 (0.81-0.89) |
| ODUD | Prescription drug use | Past-year PDM | ≥2 ODUD symptoms |
| Participants, No. | 2420 | 2419 | 2408 |
| ODUD at age 18 y, symptoms | |||
| No symptoms | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 1.15 (0.74-1.79) | 1.79 (1.12-2.87) | 2.41 (1.37-4.25) |
| 2-3 | 1.58 (1.03-2.42) | 1.83 (1.16-2.87) | 2.18 (1.32-3.60) |
| 4-5 | 2.96 (1.73-5.06) | 4.31 (2.44-7.60) | 4.37 (2.16-8.81) |
| ≥6 | 2.79 (1.59-4.90) | 3.30 (1.90-5.73) | 3.62 (2.13-6.15) |
| Age, y | |||
| 35 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 40 | 1.19 (0.96-1.49) | 1.13 (.889-1.45) | 0.64 (0.49-0.84) |
| 45 | 1.52 (1.22-1.88) | 1.52 (1.20-1.91) | 0.67 (0.49-0.89) |
| 50 | 1.76 (1.41-2.19) | 1.54 (1.18-2.01) | 0.54 (0.38-0.75) |
| ODUD at age 18 ya | |||
| Linear trend (ODUD) | 1.14 (1.08-1.21) | 1.17 (1.11-1.23) | 1.18 (1.12-1.24) |
| Linear trend (age) | 1.21 (1.13-1.30) | 1.17 (1.08-1.27) | 0.82 (0.73-0.92) |
| CUD | Prescription drug use | Past-year PDM | ≥2 CUD symptoms |
| Participants, No. | 2587 | 2586 | 2542 |
| CUD at age 18 y, symptoms | |||
| No symptoms | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 1.53 (0.94-2.51) | 1.74 (1.11-2.72) | 3.02 (1.63-5.53) |
| 2-3 | 1.33 (0.97-1.80) | 1.77 (1.26-2.49) | 2.85 (1.74-4.64) |
| 4-5 | 1.31 (0.86-2.03) | 1.78 (1.14-2.77) | 3.44 (1.75-6.64) |
| ≥6 | 1.51 (1.02-2.25) | 1.68 (1.10-2.56) | 3.41 (1.91-6.06) |
| Age, y | |||
| 35 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 40 | 1.25 (1.01-1.54) | 1.26 (0.99-1.61) | 0.46 (0.36-0.59) |
| 45 | 1.54 (1.25-1.91) | 1.56 (1.23-1.98) | 0.33 (0.25-0.44) |
| 50 | 1.75 (1.42-2.16) | 1.62 (1.24-2.12) | 0.28 (0.20-0.39) |
| CUD at age 18a | |||
| Linear trend (CUD) | 1.05 (1.00-1.10) | 1.07 (1.03-1.12) | 1.15 (1.09-1.22) |
| Linear trend (age) | 1.20 (1.13-1.28) | 1.17 (1.09-1.27) | 0.62 (0.56-0.69) |
| SUD | Prescription drug use | Past-year PDM | ≥2 SUD symptoms |
| Participants, No. | 2867 | 2866 | 2867 |
| SUD at age 18 y, symptoms | |||
| No symptoms | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 1 | 1.10 (0.71-1.70) | 1.01 (.671-1.52) | 1.24 (0.93-1.67) |
| 2-3 | 1.24 (0.94-1.65) | 1.31 (.959-1.80) | 1.89 (1.51-2.38) |
| 4-5 | 1.56 (1.06-2.32) | 2.08 (1.41-3.06) | 2.16 (1.63-2.87) |
| ≥6 | 1.55 (1.11-2.16) | 1.97 (1.39-2.80) | 2.62 (2.00-3.43) |
| Age, y | |||
| 35 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 40 | 1.20 (0.98-1.47) | 1.18 (.945-1.48) | 0.73 (0.66-0.81) |
| 45 | 1.52 (1.24-1.85) | 1.53 (1.24-1.90) | 0.71 (0.63-0.79) |
| 50 | 1.77 (1.45-2.17) | 1.57 (1.23-2.01) | 0.59 (0.51-0.67) |
| SUD at age 18a | |||
| Linear trend (SUD) | 1.06 (1.02-1.10) | 1.09 (1.05-1.13) | 1.12 (1.09-1.16) |
| Linear trend (age) | 1.21 (1.14-1.29) | 1.17 (1.09-1.26) | 0.85 (0.81-0.89) |
Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; AUD, alcohol use disorder; CUD, cannabis use disorder; ODUD, other drug use disorder; PDM, prescription drug misuse; SUD, substance use disorder.
a
All models were adjusted for covariates including baseline substance use (past 2-week binge drinking and past 30-day cigarette and marijuana use), US region, urbanicity, cohort year, race and ethnicity, sex, highest level of parental education, grade point average in high school, and whether the respondent ever completed college.
b
Linear trend for AUD, CUD, ODUD, SUD, and age were estimated separately with respect to the categorical analog: SUD was treated as a continuous variable that ranged from 0 to 15; age was treated as a continuous variable that ranged from 0 to 3.