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. 2022 Apr 2;18:130. doi: 10.1186/s12917-022-03231-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 7 — The surgical procedures for induction of 12 mm critical size ulnar defect. A 5 cm long linear incision was made over the craniolateral aspect of the mid of the antebrachium (A). The ulna was exposed by retraction of the surrounding muscles (B) where 2 drilling holes with 12 mm apart were created in the mid-diaphysis (C). The defect was left empty in the control group (D), filled with PRF clot in the PRF group (E) or ZnONPs were inoculated into the PRF clot in the PRF/ZnONPs (F)