Table 1.
Semi-quantitative (% of defect filling) and qualitative (scores) evaluation of newly bone formation using CBCT at the 30th, 60th and 90th days
| Groups | 30th | 60th | 90th | Kruskal-Wallis H | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent of defect filling (%) | |||||
| Control | 34.25 ± 7.58 c* | 48.73 ± 4.87b* | 74.75 ± 4.69a* | – | 0.000 |
| PRF | 70.87 ± 2.30d** | 83.23 ± 12.98bc** | 99.83 ± 0.41a** | – | 0.000 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 92.50 ± 1.58c*** | 97.9 ± 1.3 ab*** | 100.0 ± 0.0a** | – | 0.000 |
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Reduction score | |||||
| Control | 2.0(2.0–2.0)b* | 2.0(2.0–3.0)b* | 4.0(3.0–4.0)a* | 13.96 | 0.001 |
| PRF | 3.0(3.0–3.0)c** | 4.0(3.0–4.0)b** | 5.0(4.0–5.0)a** | 14.61 | 0.001 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 4.0(4.0–4.0)b*** | 4.0(4.0–5.0)b** | 5.0(5.0–5.0)a** | 13.69 | 0.001 |
| Kruskal-Wallis H | 17.00 | 13.69 | 13.65 | ||
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| Bridging score | |||||
| Control | 0.0(0.0–0.0)c* | 0.5(0.0–1.0)b* | 1.0(1.0–1.0)a | 15.33 | 0.000 |
| PRF | 1.5(1.0–2.0)b** | 2.0(1.0–2.0)ab** | 2.0(2.0–2.0)a | 6.30 | 0.043 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 2.0(1.0–2.0)a** | 2.0(2.0–2.0)a** | 2.0(2.0–2.0)a | 4.18 | 0.124 |
| Kruskal-Wallis H | 17.89 | 19.56 | 23.00 | ||
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Canalization score | |||||
| Control | 0.0(0.0–0.0)b | 0.0(0.0–0.0)b* | 0.0(0.0–1.0)a* | 6.57 | 0.037 |
| PRF | 0.0(0.0–0.0)c | 2.5(2.0–3.0)b** | 3.0(3.0–3.0)a** | 19.93 | 0.000 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 0.0(0.0–0.0)b | 3.0(2.0–3.0)a** | 3.0(3.0–3.0)a** | 21.44 | 0.000 |
| Kruskal-Wallis H | 0.000 | 18.72 | 22.14 | ||
| P-value | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Callus score | |||||
| Control | 2.5(2.0–3.0)a*** | 1.5(1.0–2.0)b** | 1.0(0.0–1.0)c* | 16.51 | 0.000 |
| PRF | 0.0(0.0–1.0)b* | 0.5(0.0–1.0)ab* | 1.0(0.0–1.0)a* | 6.11 | 0.047 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 1.5(1.0–2.0)b** | 2.0(2.0–3.0)a*** | 3.0(2.0–3.0)a** | 12.39 | 0.002 |
| Kruskal-Wallis H | 18.81 | 16.73 | 18.73 | ||
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
| Remodeling score | |||||
| Control | 2.5(2.0–3.0)a** | 2.0(2.0–2.0)b* | 2.0(2.0–3.0)ab* | 6.30 | 0.043 |
| PRF | 1.0(0.0–2.0)c* | 5.0(3.0–6.0)b** | 6.0(5.0–6.0)a** | 18.23 | 0.000 |
| PRF/ZnONPs | 3.0(3.0–4.0)c*** | 7.0(7.0–8.0)b*** | 8.0(7.0–8.0)a*** | 18.26 | 0.000 |
| Kruskal-Wallis H | 18.20 | 21.75 | 21.89 | ||
| P-value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||
a,b,cMedians and ranges with different small superscripts letters in the same row are significantly different at P < 0.05
*,**,***Medians and ranges with different asterisks superscripts in the same column are significantly different at P < 0.05