Table 3.
Mean change and 95% confidence interval and differences group-by-time interaction for secondary outcomes and questionnaires
|
Baseline – Final assessment Intervention group (N = 17) |
Baseline—Final assessment Sham ultrasound group (N = 20) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secondary outcomes | Mean change (95% CI) | p value | Mean change (95% CI) | p value | Interaction group*time | |
| Cervical range of motion | Movement | F; df; p value | ||||
| Flexion | -2.20 (-8.71; 4.30) | 0.496 | -7.93 (-14.95; -0.91) | 0.028*CR | 2.72; 34; 0.108 | |
| Extension | -5.14 (-13.64; 3.36) | 0.227 | -6.69 (-15.94; 2.55) | 0.151 | 0.12; 34; 0.728 | |
| Lateral flexion right | -8.12 (-13.31; -2.93) | 0.003*CR | -5.84 (-11.48; -0.21) | 0.042*CR | 0.70; 34; 0.408 | |
| Lateral flexion left | -5.61 (-12.13; 0.90) | 0.089 | -5.31 (-12.35; 1.71) | 0.134 | 0.01; 34; 0.932 | |
| Rotation right | -3.10 (-7.66; 1.46) | 0.176CR | -0.36 (-5.33; 4.61) | 0.883CR | 1.34; 34; 0.255 | |
| Rotation left | -5.43 (-10.30; -0.57) | 0.030*CR | -7.01 (-12.36; -1.67) | 0.012*CR | 0.41; 34; 0.524 | |
| Pressure pain threshold | Muscle | |||||
| Frontal | -0.37 (-0.77; 0.01) | 0.058CR | 0.04 (-0.39; 0.47) | 0.860 | 4.30; 112; 0.040* | |
| Anterior temporalis | -0.46 (-0.80; -0.11) | 0.009*.CR | -0.23 (-0.61; 0.14) | 0.219 | 1.65; 112; 0.201 | |
| Medium temporalis | -0.42 (-0.87; 0.03) | 0.067CR | -0.06 (-0.55; 0.43) | 0.808 | 2.43; 112; 0.122 | |
| Posterior temporalis | -0.78 (-1.29; -0.27) | 0.003*CR | -0.29 (-0.84; 0.26) | 0.305 | 3.64; 112; 0.059 | |
| Sternocleidomastoid | -0.14 (-0.54; 0.26) | 0.488 | 0.06 (-0.38; 0.50) | 0.791 | 0.94; 112; 0.334 | |
| Scapular levator | -0.22 (-0.78; 0.33) | 0.422CR | -0.10 (-0.71; 0.51) | 0.749 | 0.20; 112; 0.657 | |
| Upper trapezius | -0.26 (-0.42; -0.10) | 0.002* CR | -0.22 (-0.40; -0.04) | 0.017* | 0.28; 112; 0.595 | |
| Suboccipital | -0.34 (-0.67; -0.02) | 0.036* CR | -0.18 (-0.54; 0.17) | 0.305 | 0.95; 112; 0.331 | |
| CCFT | Pressure stage | |||||
| -0.95 (-2.40; 0.49) | 0.192 | -3.15 (-4.53; -1.77) | 0.001* | 2.60; 70; 0.081 | ||
| MIVC | Muscle group | |||||
| Flexor | ||||||
| Forcen (N/kg) | 0.04 (-0.13; 0.20) | 0.639 | 0.14 (-0.05; 0.31) | 0.142 | 1.23; 34; 0.275 | |
| Peak time (s) | 2.80 (-0.58; 6.19) | 0.102CR | 2.73 (-0.88; 6.35) | 0.134CR | 0.00; 34; 0.971 | |
| Extensor | ||||||
| Forcen (N/kg) | -0.11 (-0.46; 0.24) | 0.530CR | 0.18 (-0.19; 0.57) | 0.327 | 2.57; 34; 0.118 | |
| Peak time (s) | -4.65 (-8.42; -0.89) | 0.017* | -3.98 (-8.02; 0.05) | 0.053 | 0.11; 34; 0.745 | |
| Endurance | Muscle group | |||||
| Flexor | ||||||
| Endurance time (s) | -9.64 (-29.64; 10.34) | 0.334 | -9.70 (-31.57; 12.16) | 0.373 | 0.00; 34; 0.995 | |
| Extensor | ||||||
| Endurance time (s) | 65.15 (-33.98; 164.29) | 0.190 | 51.87 (-54.82; 158.58) | 0.330 | 0.07; 33; 0.796 | |
| Questionnaires | Total score | |||||
| MIDAS | 13.64 (-11.03; 38.33) | 0.269 | 3.16 (-23.40; 29.73) | 0.810 | 0.62; 33; 0.436 | |
| NDI | -2.22 (-6.47; 2.03) | 0.292 | -6.90 (-12.50; -1.29) | 0.018* | 3.90; 24; 0.059 | |
| ASC-12 | 1.20 (-1.64; 4.05) | 0.396 | -0.12 (-3.21; 2.97) | 0.938 | 0.79; 34; 0.380 | |
| TAMPA | -0.10 (-4.67; 4.46) | 0.963 | -1.83 (-6.87; 3.21) | 0.465 | 0.58; 34; 0.452 | |
| PSFS | -1.90 (-2.96; -0.84) | 0.001* | -1.77 (-2.93; -0.61) | 0.003* | 0.05; 173; 0.816 | |
95% CI 95% confidence interval, CCFT craniocervical flexion test, MIVC maximal isometric voluntary contraction, Forcen force normalized by the subject mass, s seconds, MIDAS Migraine Disability Assessment NDI Neck Disability Index, ASC-12 12 item Allodynia Symptom Checklist, TAMPA Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, PSFS Patient-specific Functional Scale
*p < 0.05
CRclinically relevant