Table 1.
Comparison between influenza positive and negative cases based on different variables
| Predictors | Influenza cases, N (%) | Total | Univariate logistic regression | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | Negative | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | ||
| Nasopharyngeal samples | 66 (20.4) | 257 (79.6) | 323 | ||
| Age | |||||
| < 12 months | 9 (13.6) | 68 (26.5) | 77 | 1 | |
| 1–5 years old | 38 (57.6) | 124 (48.2) | 162 | 2.315 (1.057–5.074) | 0.036 |
| > 5 years old | 19 (28.8) | 65 (25.3) | 84 | 2.209 (0.932–5.234) | 0.072 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 21 (31.8) | 114 (44.4) | 188 | 1 | |
| Male | 45 (68.2) | 143 (55.6) | 135 | 1.708 (0.963–3.031) | 0.067 |
| Race | |||||
| Malay | 6 (9.1) | 9 (3.5) | 15 | 1 | |
| Kadazan-Dusun | 20 (30.3) | 88 (34.2) | 108 | 0.341 (0.109–1.067) | 0.065 |
| Bajau | 14 (21.2) | 76 (29.6) | 90 | 0.276 (0.085–0.899) | 0.033 |
| Suluk | 4 (6.1) | 12 (4.7) | 16 | 0.458 (0.147–1.430) | 0.179 |
| Others | 22 (33.3) | 72 (28.0) | 94 | 0.500 (0.108–2.314) | 0.375 |
| Parent’s education level | |||||
| Tertiary | 26 (39.4) | 80 (31.1) | 106 | 1 | |
| Secondary | 34 (51.5) | 158 (61.5) | 192 | 0.662 (0.372–1.179) | 0.161 |
| Primary | 3 (4.5) | 11 (4.3) | 14 | 0.839 (0.217–3.241) | 0.799 |
| No formal education | 3 (4.5) | 8 (3.1) | 11 | 1.154 (0.285–4.673) | 0.841 |
| District | |||||
| Kota Kinabalu | 34 (51.5) | 139 (54.1) | 173 | 1 | |
| Penampang | 14 (21.2) | 68 (26.5) | 82 | 0.842 (0.424–1.673) | 0.623 |
| Others | 18 (27.3) | 50 (19.5) | 68 | 1.472 (0.763–2.837) | 0.249 |
| House-Type | |||||
| Apartment / Flat | 15 (22.7) | 55 (21.4) | 70 | 1 | |
| Semi-detached housea | 40 (60.6) | 146 (56.8) | 186 | 1.005 (0.514–1.962) | 0.989 |
| Others | 11 (16.7) | 56 (21.8) | 67 | 0.720 (0.304–1.706) | 0.456 |
| Number of family members | |||||
| 1–3 | 19 (28.8) | 79 (30.7) | 98 | 1 | |
| 4–5 | 21 (31.8) | 110 (42.8) | 131 | 0.794 (0.400–1.574) | 0.508 |
| 6 and above | 26 (39.4) | 68 (26.5) | 94 | 1.590 (0.810–3.121) | 0.178 |
| Contact history | |||||
| No | 43 (65.2) | 189 (73.5) | 232 | 1 | |
| Yes | 23 (34.8) | 68 (26.5) | 91 | 1.487 (0.835–2.648) | 0.178 |
| Schooling | |||||
| No | 51 (77.3) | 184 (71.6) | 235 | 1 | |
| Yes | 15 (22.7) | 73 (28.4) | 88 | 0.741 (0.392–1.401) | 0.357 |
| Pet at home | |||||
| No | 31 (47.0) | 154 (59.9) | 185 | 1 | |
| Yes | 35 (53.0) | 103 (40.1) | 138 | 1.688 (0.980–2.908) | 0.059 |
| Immunization status | |||||
| Completed | 64 (97.0) | 255 (99.2) | 319 | 1 | |
| Not Completed | 2 (3.0) | 2 (0.8) | 4 | 3.984 (0.551–28.830) | 0.171 |
| Influenza vaccination | |||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 5 (1.9) | 5 | 1 | |
| No | 66 (100) | 252 (98.1) | 318 | 423,100,930.2 (0.00) | 0.999 |
| Breast feeding | |||||
| Yes | 38 (57.6) | 155 (60.3) | 193 | 1 | |
| No | 28 (42.4) | 102 (39.7) | 130 | 1.120 (0.647–1.938) | 0.686 |
| Underlying medical illness | |||||
| No | 61 (92.4) | 248 (96.5) | 309 | 1 | |
| Yes | 5 (7.6) | 9 (3.5) | 14 | 2.259 (0.731–6.982) | 0.157 |
| Cough | |||||
| Yes | 64 (97.0) | 252 (98.1) | 316 | 0.635 (0.120–3.348) | 0.592 |
| No | 2 (3.0) | 5 (1.9) | 7 | 1 | |
| Rhinitis | |||||
| Yes | 62 (93.9) | 251 (97.7) | 313 | 0.371 (0.101–1.353) | 0.133 |
| No | 4 (6.1) | 6 (2.3) | 10 | 1 | |
| Seizure | |||||
| Yes | 10 (15.2) | 11 (4.3) | 21 | 3.994 (1.617–9.864) | 0.003 |
| No | 56 (84.8) | 246 (95.7) | 302 | 1 | |
| Vomiting | |||||
| Yes | 8 (12.1) | 16 (6.2) | 24 | 2.078 (0.848–5.089) | 0.110 |
| No | 58 (87.9) | 241 (93.8) | 299 | 1 | |
| Diarrhea | |||||
| Yes | 13 (19.7) | 54 (21.0) | 67 | 0.922 (0.469–1.814) | 0.814 |
| No | 53 (80.3) | 203 (79.0) | 256 | 1 | |
| Child activity | |||||
| Not active | 31 (47.0) | 84 (32.7) | 115 | 1.824 (1.053–3.159) | 0.032 |
| Active | 35 (53.0) | 173 (67.3) | 208 | 1 | |
| Appetite | |||||
| Absent | 10 (15.2) | 36 (14.0) | 46 | 1.096 (0.513–2.343) | 0.813 |
| Present | 56 (84.8) | 221 (86.0) | 277 | 1 | |
| Sore throat | |||||
| Yes | 7 (10.6) | 18 (7.0) | 25 | 1.575 (0.629–3.946) | 0.332 |
| No | 59 (89.4) | 239 (93.0) | 298 | 1 | |
| Temperature on admission | |||||
| 38 °C and below | 9 (13.6) | 51 (19.8) | 60 | 1 | 0.014 |
| Above 38 °C | 57 (86.4) | 206 (80.2) | 263 | 1.773 (1.125–2.795) | |
aA semi-detached house shares one common wall with its neighboring home, whereby its layout will be a mirror image of the other