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. 2022 Apr 2;42:11. doi: 10.1186/s41232-022-00197-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The effect of SASP factors. SASP factors can re-enforce cellular senescence in a autocrine manner. SASP factors can also act in a paracrine manner, inducing senescence of surrounding cells (paracrine senescence). SASP factors facilitate tissue repair and recruitment of immune cells. SASP factors are involved in development (developmental senescence). On the other hand, SASP factors are associated with chronic inflammation and cancer progression when persist