Table 4.
Applications of cell-derived ECM for in vitro tissue formation and in vivo tissue repairing
| Application | ECM types | Cell types and animal models | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tissue regeneration | |||
| Cartilage tissue | Porcine SDSCs | Porcine SDSCs In vitro and in vivo (13 minipigs) | Enhancing SDSCs’ expansion, chondrogenic potential, and repair of cartilage defects [139] |
| Human adult vs. fetal SDSCs | Human adult SDSCs | Promoting adult SDSCs’ chondrogenic capacity by fetal ECM [140] | |
| Human fetal MSCs | Human adult MSCs | Promoting adult MSCs’ proliferation, multipotency, and stemness [141] | |
| Porcine chondrocytes vs. rabbit BMSCs | Rabbit chondrocytes | Supporting attachment and proliferation of chondrocytes [142] | |
| Porcine SDSCs | Porcine chondrocytes | Delaying chondrocyte dedifferentiation and enhanced redifferentiation [134] | |
| Porcine SDSCs vs. NPCs vs. SDSCs/NPCs | Porcine SDSCs | Guiding SDSCs’ differentiation toward the NP lineage [137] | |
| Porcine SDSCs | Porcine NPCs | Rejuvenating NPCs in proliferation and redifferentiation capacity [136] | |
| Bone tissue | Mouse BMSCs | Mouse BMSCs In vitro and in vivo (nude mice) | Enhancing colony formation ability and retaining stemness [143] |
| Human BMSCs | Human BMSCs In vitro and in vivo (nude mice) | Stimulating MSCs’ expansion and preserving their properties [144] | |
| Nerve tissue | Rat Schwann cells | Rat dorsal root ganglion neurons | Improving axonal growth of dorsal root ganglion neurons [145] |
| Lineage commitment | |||
| ESC differentiation | Murine ESCs line | Undifferentiated murine ESCs | Boosting early differentiation of ESCs [131] |
| Osteogenic differentiation | Rat osteoblasts | Human MSCs | Inducing osteogenic differentiation [146] |
| Human BMSCs | Human BMSCs | Enhancing osteogenesis [124,125] | |
| Human BMSCs | Human BMSCs | Further enhancing proliferation and osteogenesis when combined with melatonin [123] | |
| Human USCs | Human BMSCs (passage 8) | Recharging BMSCs’ capacity in endochondral bone formation [125] | |
| Human UCMSCs | Human UCMSCs | Enhancing UCMSCs’ osteogenic differentiation by protecting from H2O2 induced senescence [127] | |
| Chondrogenic differentiation | Rabbit articular chondrocytes | Human MSCs | Guiding chondrogenic differentiation [146] |
| Porcine SDSCs | Porcine SDSCs | Promoting SDSCs’ proliferation and chondrogenic potential [115] | |
| Porcine | Porcine SDSCs | Maximizing SDSCs’ proliferation while maintaining chondrogenic potential when combined with FGF2 and low oxygen [116] | |
| Human fetal SDSCs | Human fetal SDSCs | Enhancing fetal SDSCs’ chondrogenic potential [118] | |
| Human adult vs. fetal SDSCs | Human fetal SDSCs | Enhancing SDSCs’ proliferation and chondrogenic capacity in a pellet culture under hypoxia [117] | |
| Passage 5 vs. 15 human IPFSCs | Passage 15 human IPFSCs | Promoting IPFSCs’ proliferation and chondrogenic potential by C-ECM deposited by passage 5 cells [130] | |
| Human adult SDSCs | Human adult SDSCs | Enhancing SDSCs’ chondrogenic potential compared with those in ECM [121] | |
| Porcine IPFSCs vs. SDSCs | Porcine IPFSCs | Enhancing IPFSCs’ proliferation and chondrogenic potential in both ECM groups [128] | |
| Hepatic differentiation | Human liver progenitor HepaRG | Human DE cells | Aiding hepatic differentiation [138] |
SDSC, synovium-derived stem cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; BMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell; NPC,nucleus pulposus cell; BM, bone marrow; ESC, embryonic stem cell; USC, urine-derived stem cell; UCMSC, umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell; IPFSC, infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cell; DE, definitive endoderm.