Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of Ferula species

Extract	Doses	Model of study	Effects	Ref.
F. szowitsiana methanolic E.	10, 40 and 160 μg/ml	PHA-stimulated human T lymphocytes	Decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and attenuated the overproduction of inflammatory markers	(46)
F. assa-foetida Oleo Gum Resin	10 and 20 mg/kg, IP injection	Carrageenan-induced mice paw edema, hot plate test	Induced anti-nociception and inhibited lipoxygenase activity	(23)
F. assafoetida seed’s essential oil of	2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg	Acetic acid-induced writhing tests in mice, hot plate tests.	Induced anti-nociception and showed anti-inflammatory activities	(24)
F. assafoetida Methanol E.	6-321 μg/mL	PTZ-induced seizures in mice	Cytotoxic activity	(25)
F. szowitsiana hydroalcoholic E.	50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, IP injection	Formalin-induced inflammation in Wistar rats	Reduced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner, mediated pain by the opioid system	(27)
F. gummosa seed and root acetone E.	200, 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg, IP injection	Acute and chronic pain in mice and rat	Showed anti-inflammatory effects	(29)
F. hermonis	25 μg/mL	In vitro study of pathogenic bacteria (Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa)	Showed antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects	(30)
F, sinkiangen E.	0.25 mg/mL	BV-2 microglial cells	Reduce IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β	(31)

PHA: phytohemagglutinin, IP: intraperitoneal, STZ: Streptozotocin, IL-6: interleukin 6, TNF- α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, E: extract