Table 2.
Anti-inflammatory effects of the constituents of Ferula species
| Constituents | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Umbelliprenin | 5–15 µM | PHA-stimulated splenocytes | Decreased IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine levels | (32) |
| Umbelliprenin | 10 μl | Carrageenin-induced rat paw edema | Showed anti-inflammatory effects and inhibited carrageenan-induced edema | (33) |
| Umbelliprenin | 25 µM | Human solid cancer cells (melanoma= M4Beu) | Showed cytotoxic and cytostatic effects and induced apoptosis | (34) |
| Ferutinin and teferin | 100 mg/kg | Carrageenan-induced edema model in rats | Showed anti-inflammatory effects and suppressed histamine and/or serotonin actions | (35) |
| Ferutinin | 1-50 µM | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Showed anti-proliferative properties | (36) |
| Auraptene | 810 nmol in 100 μl acetone | RAW 264.7 | Reduced leukocyte infiltration, edema formation, cell proliferation, H2O2 production, and suppressed NO synthase, PGE2, nitrite anion, and TNF-α levels. | (38) |
| Auraptene | IC50 values 5.1 µg/ml | Promastigotes of Leishmania major | Showed anti-leishmanial effects | (39) |
| Umbelliprenin | IC50 values 4.9 µg/ml | Promastigotes of Leishmania major | Showed anti-leishmanial effects | (39) |
| Auraptene | 1.00 µmol/cm2 | Croton oil-induced edematous response in mice | Reduced edema | (40) |
| Auraptene | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model | Decreased TNF-α and triglycerides but increased adiponectin and PPARα | (41) |
PHA: phytohemagglutinin, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, NO: nitric oxide, PPARα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, IL-4: interleukin 4, MCF-7: Michigan Cancer Foundation-7, H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide