Table 3.
Anti-oxidant effects of the extract of Ferula species
| Extract | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F. gummosa Hydroalcoholic extract | 90 mg/kg/day gavage, 8 weeks | l-NAME-induced oxidative stress in rats renal tissues | Decreased lipid peroxidation, TBARS, and SOD | (11) |
| F. caspica chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts | 20 µL | Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods | High antioxidant effects | (64) |
| F. drudeana (F. drudeana) methanol extracts | 400 mg/kg, orally | STZ-induced diabetic rat | Reduced FBS, TG, TC, LDL, and HbA1c, ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, HDL, MDA, increased SOD, GPx, CAT, and GSH activities, and insulin | (47) |
| F. huber-morathii (F. Huber-morathii) M. E. | 200 and 400 mg/kg (Oral) | STZ-induced diabetic rats | Recovered levels ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin, HDL | (47) |
| F. sinkiangensis PEA, NB, and M, fraction | 50 µL | DPPH assay in in vivo study on HCT116, Caco-2, HepG2, and MFC cells | Free radical-scavenging activities, increased apoptosis, inhibited proliferation |
(55) |
| F. heuffelii essential oil | 22.43 µl/ml | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Reduced radical scavenging activity | (62) |
| F. tingitana | 20 mg/ml | Breast (MCF7), cervical (HELA), and liver (HEPG2) carcinoma cell lines | Marked cytotoxic effects | (63) |
| F. vesceritensis essential oil | 100 - 1000 mg/l | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Reduced radical scavenging activity | (61) |
| F. assa-foetida Oleo Gum Resin | 5 × 10−8 to 10−7 g/ml | In vitro cultured human dermal fibroblasts (hdfs) | Reduced β-galactosidase activity, BCL2, p21, BAX, BAD, CASP3, and ALOX5 |
(26) |
| F. szowitsiana methanolic extract | 10, 40 and 160 μg/ml | On human PHA-stimulated T lymphocytes | Decreased MDA, ROS, NO levels, increased CAT, SOD, and GSH |
(28) |
| F. assafoetida essential oil | 0.2-3.2 mg/ml | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Decreased nitric oxide-scavenging activity, Fe2 chelating ability, peroxidation inhibition |
(48) |
| F. assafoetida | 300, 400, and 500 µg/200 µl acetone/animal | TPA-mediated cutaneous oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice | Reduced hydrogen peroxide, xanthine oxidase activity, and PC | (49) |
| F. foetida hydroalcoholic E. | 200-800 mg/kg, orally | Dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats | Increased ferric reducing antioxidant power | (51) |
| F. foetida | 68 and 352 mg/orally | Gentamicin-induced renal impairment in rat | Reduced BUN, Cr, and TBARS | (51) |
| F. assafoetida | 1.25 and 2.5% w/w in diet | N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rat | Increased activity of GSH-ST, DT-diaphorase, SOD, and CAT, decreased GSH level, inhibited lipid peroxidation | (52) |
| F. assafoetida hydroalcoholic E. | 6.25 and 12.5 mg / Kg b.w | DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats | Decreased cytochrome P450, β-catenin, ferric reducing ability, increased GSH and GSH S-T |
(53) |
| F. assafoetida | 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% in diet | Common carp | Increased GSR and GSTA, growth genes (GH, IGF1, and Ghrl) | (54) |
| F. gummosa root hydro-alcoholic E. | 100 and 600 mg/kg /orally | Oro-gastric gavage in Wistar rats | Increased CAT and SOD activity, decreased serum MDA level | (56) |
| F. communis | 150 and 300 mg/kg | CCl4-induced oxidative damage in rats | Decreased AST, ALT, GGT, and T-BIL serum levels but increased SOD and GPx activities | (57) |
| F. pseudalliacea | EC50, 65.29 ± 5.6 μM | Colorectal cancer cell lines (HCT116 and CT26) | DPPH radical scavenging | (58) |
| F. assafoetida E. | 50 and 100 mg, daily | Children with leukemia | Reduced FBS, TC, TG, LDL, and MDA, increased HDL, SOD, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity | (65) |
STZ: Streptozotocin, FBS: fasting blood sugar, TG: triglyceride, TC: total cholesterol, LDL: low density lipoprotein, HbA1c: , HDL: high density lipoprotein, MDA: malondialdehyde, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GSH: glutathione, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, GSH-ST: glutathione S-transferase, ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate transaminase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, Cr: creatinine, GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase, T-BIL: total bilirubin, GH: growth hormone, IGF1: insulin growth factor 1, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, NO: nitric oxide, BCL2: B-cell lymphoma 2, p21: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1, BAX: Bcl2-associated X protein, BAD: BCL2 associated agonist of cell death (BAD) protein, CASP3: Caspase 3, ALOX5: Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase, PEA: petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, NB: n-butanol, TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, DMH: 1, 2-dimethyl hydrazine, CCl4: tetrachloride, l-NAME: Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, E: extract, M: methanol, CAT: catalase, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, TPA: 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, HCT116: human colon cancer cell line , Caco-2: human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells , HepG2: human liver cancer cell line. , and MFC cells: Microbial fuel cell, CT26: Animal fibroblast cells