Table 5.
Immunomodulatory effects of the extract and constituents of Ferula species
| Extract | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Auraptene | 0-20 𝜇g/ml | Jurkat T cells | Activation of caspase-8 | (6) |
| Auraptene | 0.5–15 mM | MTT colorimetric assay on splenocytes | Induced IL-4 level but decreased IFN- γ, NO, and PGE2 and inducible iNOS and COX |
(32) |
| F. assafoetida | 0, 0.5, 1, and 2% in diet | In carp | Increased TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and LYZ, increased GH, IGF1, and Ghrl growth factors | (54) |
| Sesquiterpene chromone | 30 µg/ml | Murine macrophage-like cell line (RAW 264.7) | Inhibited NO production and iNOS gene expression | (72) |
| Auraptene | 10, 20, and 40 μM | Reduced CD3/CD28 cytokines and Th2 cytokine IL-4 | (75) | |
| Auraptene | Human HB4C5 cells hybridoma, mouse splenocytes, and mesenteric lymphocytes, in vitro | Increased IgM, IgA, and IgG. | (76) | |
| Auraptene | 40 and 200 mg/kg | Concanavalin A-activated splenocytes, in vivo | Increased immunoglobulin, IL-4, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production and B cell population |
(76) |
| Auraptene | 10, 30, and 90 μM | PHA-stimulated lymphocytes | Reduced lymphocytes proliferation, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, NF-kB l, and NO levels, increased IFN-γ/IL-4 and IL-10/IL-4 ratio |
(77) |
| Auraptene | 250 μM | LPS -stimulated RAW 264.7 cells | Inhibited the production of PGE2, decreased COX-2 protein |
(78) |
| Methyl galbanate | 10 μM | LPS and IFN-γ -stimulated RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells | Reduced NO production, iNOS mRNA, and COX-2 mRNA expression | (79) |
MDA: Malondialdehyde, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, IL-4: interleukin 4, NF-kB: nuclear factor-kB, NO: nitric oxide, Th2: T-helper2, MCF-7: Michigan Cancer Foundation-7, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, LYZ: lysozyme, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, IgM: immunoglobulin M, IgA: immunoglobulin A, IgG: immunoglobulin G, COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, Bcl-2: associated X protein, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha, LPS: Lipopolysaccharide, IFN-γ: interferon- γ, PHA: phytohemagglutinin, GH: grows factor, IGF1: insulin grows factor1, and Ghrl: Ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, SNU-1: Human cells, GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1, HK2: Hexokinase 2, PFK: Phosphofructokinase, PC3: human prostate cancer cell line, DU145: human prostate cancer cell line, CD44: cell-surface glycoprotein, LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase A, Mcl-1: Induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein