Table 3.
Baseline characteristics and associations with repeated epidural blood patch (EBP) in patients with iatrogenic injury
| Characteristic | Single EBP (n = 285) | Repeated EBP (n = 29) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/Female | 72/213 | 6/23 | 0.77 (0.30–1.97) | 0.587 |
| Age (yr) | 36.5 ± 13.4 | 39.0 ± 11.5 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.323 |
| Hypertension | 16 (5.6) | 2 (6.9) | 1.25 (0.27–5.71) | 0.784 |
| Diabetes | 11 (3.9) | 0 | ||
| Current alcohol | 47 (16.5) | 5 (17.2) | 1.06 (0.38–2.91) | 0.918 |
| Current smoking | 14 (4.9) | 1 (3.4) | 0.69 (0.09–5.46) | 0.732 |
| Previous procedure | ||||
| Spinal tapping | 78 (27.4) | 11 (37.9) | 1.62 (0.73–3.59) | 0.231 |
| Neuro-axial anesthesia | 184 (64.6) | 14 (48.3) | 0.51 (0.24–1.10) | 0.087 |
| Epidural block | 21 (7.4) | 4 (13.8) | 2.01 (0.64–6.32) | 0.231 |
| Spine surgery | 2 (0.7) | 0 | ||
| EBP site | ||||
| Cervical | 3 (1.1) | 2 (6.9) | 6.96 (1.11–43.5) | 0.042 |
| Thoracic | 4 (1.4) | 4 (13.8) | 11.24 (2.65–47.68) | 0.001 |
| Lumbar | 280 (98.2) | 25 (86.2) | 0.11 (0.03–0.44) | 0.002 |
| Amount of injection (mL) | 16.7 ± 4.2 | 15.4 ± 3.9 | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 0.123 |
| Myelographic image | 12 (4.2) | 6 (20.7) | 5.94 (2.04–17.27) | 0.001 |
| Cerebrospinal fluid leakage | 4 (1.4) | 2 (6.9) | 5.20 (0.91–29.73) | 0.058 |
| Leakage site | ||||
| Cervical | 1 (0.4) | 2 (6.9) | 21.04 (1.85–236) | 0.009 |
| Thoracic | 1 (0.4) | 1 (3.4) | 10.14 (0.62–166) | 0.112 |
| Lumbar | 2 (0.7) | 0 | ||
| Blood lab test | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.5 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) | 0.358 |
| Platelet (×103/μL) | 225 ± 76 | 226 ± 57 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.987 |
| International normalized ratio | 0.98 ± 0.07 | 1.00 ± 0.10 | 1.36 (0.86–2.14) | 0.192 |
| Neutrophil (%) | 61.5 ± 13.5 | 59.8 ± 13.7 | 0.97 (0.94–0.94) | 0.023 |
Values are presented as number only, mean ± standard deviation, or number (%).
OR is estimated for the increase of 0.1 in international normalized ratio and 10 in platelet.
EBP at thoracolumbar junction was presented in both thoracic and lumbar site.
OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval.