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. 2022 Mar 30;15:2121–2139. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S348850

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© 2022 Yuan et al.

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Schematic diagram of the major signaling pathways involved in apelin-13 attenuates inflammatory responses and acute lung injury. NOX4-generated ROS and the consequent PFKFB3-driven glycolysis mediated macrophage inflammation and ALI. Apelin-13 attenuates macrophage inflammation and improves ALI by downregulating the NOX4/ROS/PFKFB3-driven glycolysis.

Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; NOX4, NADPH oxidase (NOX) 4; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PFKFB3, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose- 2,6-biphosphatase 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6.