Table 1.
Main Characteristics of the Study Population
| Non-HF | Baseline |
Follow-up |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRT Responders | CRT Non-Responders | CRT Responders | CRT Non-Responders | ||
| n | 30 | 65 | 29 | 65 | 29 |
| Age (years) | 60.5±17.8 | 59.2±9.7 | 60.76±5.7 | 60.2±9.7 | 61.76±5.7 |
| Sex (Female, %) | 40.0 | 43.1 | 34.5 | 43.1 | 34.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6±3.2 | 24.6±2.61 | 23.78±2.2 | 24.8±2.3 | 23.6±2.0 |
| HR (bpm) | 75.4±8.2 | 76.4±8.67 | 77.31±8.2 | 76.5±8.5 | 78.2±8.5 |
| QRS (ms) | 93.1±6.5 | 166.6±9.9 | 165.56±12.9 | 154.3±9.2b | 155.7±12.1b |
| Septal flash (%) | - | 76.6 | 42.9a | - | - |
| Apical rocking (%) | - | 85.5 | 45.8a | - | - |
| MWD ≥860 mmHg·(%) | - | 81.8 | 26.1a | - | - |
| NYHA (I-IV) | N/A | 2.88±0.7 | 2.82±0.6 | 2.66±0.67b | 2.93±0.52a,b |
| LVEF (%) | 61.1±7.2 | 27.1±2.8 | 27.3±3.3 | 33.0±4.0b | 27.8±4.3 |
| LVEDVi (ml/m2) | 28.3±2.7 | 132.8±14.9 | 128.03±17.3 | 119.3±21.8b | 130.1±14.1 |
| LVESVi (ml/m2) | 17.5±1.7 | 80.7±8.2 | 77.4±8.2 | 73.7±10.7 | 79.0±10.9 |
| LAVi (ml/m2) | 21.5±2.1 | 32.2±4.1 | 32.9655±5.1 | 27.1±5.4b | 34.2±6.1a |
| Mitral Regurgitation (1-4) | 0.43±0.5 | 2.1±0.8 | 2.3±1.2 | 1.7±0.9 | 2.3±1.0 |
| Diabetes (%) | 13.3 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 32.3 | 31.0 |
| Hypertension (%) | 30.0 | 56.9 | 48.3 | 55.4 | 48.3 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 40.0 | 55.4 | 55.2 | 55.4 | 55.2 |
| Kidney failure (%) | 3.33 | 15.4 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 17.2a,b |
| LV lead position (n, %) | |||||
| -Postero-latero-basal | N/A | N/A | N/A | 38 (58.5) | 17 (58.6) |
| -Postero-latero-apical | N/A | N/A | N/A | 4 (6.15) | 2 (6.8) |
| -Antero-latero-basal | N/A | N/A | N/A | 22 (33.8) | 10 (34.5) |
| -Antero-latero-apical | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1 (1.54) | 0 (0) |
| Biventricular pacing | N/A | N/A | N/A | 92.7±4.7 | 90.9±5.4 |
| β Blockers (%) | 6.7 | 90.8 | 93.1 | 87.7 | 96.6a |
| ACEi/ARBs (%) | 16.7 | 92.3 | 96.6 | 89.2 | 96.6 |
| Diuretics (%) | 10.0 | 86.2 | 86.2 | 76.9b | 89.7a |
| QoL | N/A | 39.2±7.17 | 38.76±9.3 | 34.5±6.6b | 43.3±10.5a,b |
| 6-min walk (m) | N/A | 301.81±25.8 | 301.38±25.02 | 335.5±42.9b | 295.3±22.7a |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) | 77.9±29.2 | 1500.1±497 | 1656.9±443 | 1166.1±387b | 1766.9±534 |
| RyR Glycation (%) | 3.46±6.5 | 26.05±7.7 | 35.03±5.54a | 23.3±6.94b | 38.0±4.81a,b |
ACEi, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, Angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, Body mass index; CRT, Cardiac resynchronization therapy; HR, heart rate; LAVi, Left atrium volume indexed by body surface; LV, Left ventricle; LVEDVi, Left ventricular end-diastolic volume indexed by body surface; LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESVi, Left ventricular end-systolic volume indexed by body surface; MWD, Myocardial work difference, lateral-to-septal (missing in 16 patients); NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro hormone B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association (both NYHA and mitral regurgitation outcomes were also confirmed when considered as categorical variables); QoL, Quality of life (Minnesota living with HF);. QRS configuration was not significantly different between responders and non-responders at baseline (Left bundle branch block, LBBB, 76.9% vs 62.1%; Intraventricular conduction delay, IVCD, 18.5% vs 27.6%; RBBB, Right bundle branch block, 4.6% vs 10.3%). The presence or absence of septal flash was missing in 2 patients; the presence or absence of apical rocking was not assessed in 15 patients.
Data are means ± SD or percent.
p < .05 vs CRT-Responders (defined according to the clinical composite score)
p < .05 vs Baseline; Fisher exact test for dichotomous variables, Student's t test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables (the normal distribution was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test).