Table 1.
Characteristics of studies and ICG angiography to reduce anastomotic leak
| Study | Year | Study design | No. (ICG/control) |
Type of surgery | ICG dose | NIR light source | NIR system | Quantitative parameter | Transection line change (%) | Anastomotic leak (%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jafari et al. [6] | 2021 | Multicenter RCT (PILLAR III) | 178/169 | Laparoscopic LAR | 5–10 mg | Laser | PINPOINT (Stryker)/SPY Elite (LifeCell) | NA | NA | 9.0/9.6 | 0.37 |
| De Nardi et al. [7] | 2020 | Multicenter RCT | 118/122 | Laparoscopic AR or LAR | 0.3 mg/kg | Xenon | D-light P (Karl Storz) | NA | 11 | 4.9/8.5 | NS |
| Park et al. [14] | 2020 | Prospective study | 65/- | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.2 mg/kg | Laser | 1588 AIM (Stryker) | ICG pattern, T1/2, TR, slope | 10.3 | 4/- | NA |
| Alekseev et al. [21] | 2020 | Single-center RCT | 187/190 | Laparoscopic AR or LAR | 0.2 mg/kg | Xenon | D-light P (Karl Storz) | NA | 19.3 | 9.1/16.3 | 0.04 |
| Wojcik et al. [22] | 2020 | Prospective case-matched study | 42/42 | Laparoscopic AR or LAR | 0.1 mg/kg | Laser | FLUOBEAM (Fluoptics)/PINPOINT (Stryker) | NA | 10.9 | 2.4/16.7 | 0.026 |
| Morales-Conde et al. [23] | 2020 | Prospective study | 192/- | Colorectal Surgery | 15 mg | Xenon /laser |
IMAGE1 S (Karl Storz)/1588 AIM (Stryker) | NA | 18.2 | 2.6/- | NS |
| Watanabe et al. [24] | 2020 | Multicenter PSM cohort study | 211/211 | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.25 mg/kg | Xenon /laser |
D-light P (Karl Storz)/1588 AIM (Stryker) | NA | 5.7 | 4.7/10.4 | 0.042 |
| Benčurik et al. [25] | 2020 | Prospective study | 100/100 | Laparoscopic or robotic LAR | 0.2 mg/kg | Xenon /laser |
SPIES (Karl Storz)/Firefly (Intuitive) | NA | 15 | 9/19 | 0.042 |
| Bonadio et al. [26] | 2020 | Prospective study | 33/33 | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.2 mg/kg | Xenon | SPIES (Karl Storz) | NA | 18.2 | 6/21.2 | 0.15 |
| Hasegawa et al. [27] | 2020 | Retrospective, cohort study | 141/279 | Laparoscopic LAR | 5 mg | Xenon | IMAGE1 S (Karl Storz) | NA | NA | 2.8/13.6 | 0.001 |
| Otero-Piñeiro et al. [28] | 2020 | Retrospective comparative study | 80/204 | TaTME | 2.5 mg/mL | Laser | PINPOINT (Novadaq) | NA | 28.7 | 2.5/11.3 | 0.02 |
| Ishii et al. [29] | 2020 | Retrospective study | 87/87 | Laparoscopic and Robotic LAR | 5 mg | Laser | 1588 AIM (Stryker) | NA | 3.1 | 3.4/11.5 | 0.044 |
| Son et al. [3] | 2019 | Prospective study | 86/- | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.25 mg/kg | Xenon | IMAGE1 S (Karl Storz) | Tmax, T1/2, TR, slope | 8.1 | 4.7/- | NA |
| Wada et al. [30] | 2019 | Retrospective PSM study | 34/34 | Laparoscopic LAR | 5 mg | Xenon | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics) | NA | 27.1 | 8.8/14.7 | 0.71 |
| Ogino et al. [31] | 2019 | Prospective study | 74/- | Colorectal Surgery | 5 mg | Xenon | PDE (Hamamatsu Photonics) | NA | 8.1 | 1.4/- | NA |
| Chang et al. [32] | 2019 | Prospective, observational study | 110/- | Colorectal Surgery | 5 mg | Laser | SPY Elite (Novadaq) | NA | 30.9 | 5.5/- | NA |
| van den Bos et al. [33] | 2019 | Clinical pilot study | 30/- | Colorectal surgery | 0.2 mg/kg | Xenon /laser |
D-light P (Karl Storz)/Firefly (Intuitive) | Target-to background ratio | 20 | 16/- | NA |
| Ris et al. [34] | 2018 | Multicenter phase II trial | 504/1,173 | Colorectal surgery | 7.5 mg | Laser | PINPOINT (Novadaq) | NA | 5.8 | 2.4/5.8 | 0.009 |
| Mizrahi et al. [35] | 2018 | Comparative cohort study | 30/30 | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.1–0.3 mg/kg | Laser | PINPOINT (Novadaq) | NA | 13.3 | 0/6.7 | 0.492 |
| Kim et al. [36] | 2017 | Retrospective study | 310/347 | Robotic LAR | 10 mg | Laser | Firefly (Intuitive) | NA | 15.5 | 0.6/5.2 | NA |
| Boni et al. [13] | 2017 | Case-matched study | 42/38 | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.2 mg/kg | Xenon | IMAGE1 (Karl Storz) | NA | 4.7 | 0/5.3 | NS |
| Jafari et al. [37] | 2015 | Multicenter phase II (PILLAR II) | 139/- | Laparoscopic LAR | 3.75–7.5 mg | Laser | PINPOINT (Novadaq) | NA | 7.9 | 1.4/- | NA |
| Watanabe et al. [5] | 2015 | Prospective study | 119/- | Colorectal surgery | 0.5 mg/kg | Xenon | Olympus NIR camera (Olympus) | NA | NA | 5.9/- | NA |
| Kin et al. [38] | 2015 | Retrospective study | 173/173 | Colorectal surgery | 3 mg | Laser | SPY imaging system (Novadaq) |
NA | 4.6 | 7.5/6.4 | 0.67 |
| Kim et al. [39] | 2015 | Prospective cohort study | 123/313 | Robotic LAR | 10 mg | Laser | Firefly (Intuitive) | NA | 10.6 | 0.8/5.4 | 0.031 |
| Ris et al. [40] | 2014 | Prospective study | 30/- | Colorectal surgery | 2.5 mg/kg | Laser | PINPOINT (Novadaq) | NA | 10 | 0/- | NA |
| Jafari et al. [41] | 2013 | Retrospective case-control study | 16/22 | Robotic LAR | 6–8 mg | Laser | Firefly (Intuitive) | NA | 19 | 6.2/18.2 | NA |
| Kudszus et al. [19] | 2010 | Retrospective study | 201/201 | Laparoscopic LAR | 0.2–0.5 mg/kg | Laser | IC view (Pulsion) | NA | 16.4 | 3.5/7.5 | NA |
ICG, indocyanine green; NIR, near-infrared; RCT, randomized clinical trial; PSM, propensity score matching; AR, anterior resection; LAR, low anterior resection; TaTME, transanal total mesorectal excision; TR, perfusion time ratio; NA, non-accessible; NS, non-specific.
Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI, USA; LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ, USA; Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany; Fluoptics, Grenoble, France; Intuitive, Sunnyvale, CA, USA; Novadaq, Mississauga, ON, Canada; Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu, Japan; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan; Pulsion, Glasgow, UK.